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Journal of Human Lactation : Official... Aug 2004Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the diagnoses for which donor human milk is regularly prescribed. The role of human milk in both prevention and treatment of... (Review)
Review
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the diagnoses for which donor human milk is regularly prescribed. The role of human milk in both prevention and treatment of NEC has long been recognized. Human milk, whether mother's own or donor, provides significant protection against many of the known risk factors of NECas well as therapeutic protection for the infant recovering from NEC. In the absence of mother's own milk, donor human milk could be life saving to fragile preterm infants, who are at highest risk of developing NEC.
Topics: Adult; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Milk Banks; Milk, Human
PubMed: 15296589
DOI: 10.1177/0890334404266972 -
Indian Journal of Physiology and... 1989The composition of milk shows reasonable species variation. Further, the composition in a given mother changes with the stage of lactation. It appears reasonable to... (Review)
Review
The composition of milk shows reasonable species variation. Further, the composition in a given mother changes with the stage of lactation. It appears reasonable to assume that nature arranges the secretion of milk of a composition which is best suited for an infant. The colostrum, secreted during the first five days of lactation, has higher concentration of total protein, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins but lower concentrations of fat and lactose. The milk secreted from day 6 through 15 is called transitional milk because its composition is intermediate between that of colostrum and mature milk which follows. Even in mature milk, small changes in composition go on throughout lactation. Further, if the infant is preterm, the composition of milk is different, and its appears to be more suitable for the premature infant. A large number of biochemical differences are now known between human milk and animal milk. Although the significance of several of these differences is not known, enough is known to explain why breast milk is better digested and more protective against infections. Besides, some constituents of breast milk might also have a role to play in growth and metabolism of the infant.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Milk, Human
PubMed: 2674011
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Sep 2021The aim of the present study is to identify human milk pattern using multi-omics datasets and to explore association between patterns, infant growth, and allergy using...
SCOPE
The aim of the present study is to identify human milk pattern using multi-omics datasets and to explore association between patterns, infant growth, and allergy using data from the Chinese Human Milk Project (CHMP) study.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Three patterns are identified from integrative analysis of proteome, lipidome, and glycome profiles of 143 mature human milk samples. Factor 1 is positively associated with 128 proteins, phospholipids, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) including lacto N-neohexaose (LNnH) and lacto-N-difucohexaose II (LNDFH II); factor 2 is negatively associated with as -casein, phospholipids while positively associates with HMOs including LNnH, lactosialyl tetrasaccharide c (LSTc), and 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL); factor 3 is positively associated with lysophospholipids while negatively associates with 27 proteins, triglycerides with two saturated fatty acids, 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL) and 2'FL. In general, factor 1 and factor 2 are associated with slower while factor 3 is associated with faster growth rate (p < 0.044). One unit higher in loadings of factor 2 is associated with 34% lower risk of allergies (p ≤ 0.017). Associations are not significant after adjustment for city except for factor 1.
CONCLUSIONS
Three possible human milk patterns with varying degree of stability are identified. Future work is needed to understand these patterns in terms of generalization, biologic mechanisms, and genotype influences.
Topics: Adult; Child Development; China; Female; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Linear Models; Male; Maternal Age; Milk Proteins; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides; Phospholipids
PubMed: 34227225
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100011 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Apr 2000
Review
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Milk, Human
PubMed: 10867723
DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2000.0112 -
Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique 1992
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Frontiers in Immunology 2020Short chain fatty acids (SFCAs) are microbial metabolites produced in the gut upon fermentation of dietary fiber. These metabolites interact with the host immune system...
Short chain fatty acids (SFCAs) are microbial metabolites produced in the gut upon fermentation of dietary fiber. These metabolites interact with the host immune system and can elicit epigenetic effects. There is evidence to suggest that SCFAs may play a role in the developmental programming of immune disorders and obesity, though evidence in humans remains sparse. Here we have quantified human milk (HM) SCFA levels in an international cohort of atopic and non-atopic mothers ( = 109). Our results demonstrate that human milk contains detectable levels of the SCFAs acetate, butyrate, and formate. Samples from atopic mothers had significantly lower concentrations of acetate and butyrate than those of non-atopic mothers. HM SCFA levels in atopic and non-atopic women also varied based on maternal country of residence (Australia, Japan, Norway, South Africa, USA). Reduced exposure to HM SCFA in early life may program atopy or overweight risk in breastfed infants.
Topics: Adult; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Infant; Milk, Human; Mothers
PubMed: 32903327
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01427 -
Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks,... Jul 2016Mammals have evolved to nourish their offspring exclusively with maternal milk for around half of the lactation period, a crucial developmental window. In view of...
Mammals have evolved to nourish their offspring exclusively with maternal milk for around half of the lactation period, a crucial developmental window. In view of oral-breast contact during lactation and the differences in oral microbiota between cesarean section (C-section) and vaginally delivered infants, we expected differences in milk composition by delivery mode. We performed a cross-sectional study of banked human milk and found changes related to time since delivery in bacterial abundance and glycosylation patterns only in milk from women who delivered vaginally. The results warrant further research into the effects of delivery mode on milk microbes, milk glycosylation, and postpartum infant development.
Topics: Cesarean Section; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Glycosylation; Humans; Microbiota; Milk, Human
PubMed: 26711314
DOI: 10.1177/1933719115623645 -
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and... Dec 2014The composition of milk includes factors required to provide appropriate nutrition for the growth of the neonate. However, it is now clear that milk has many functions... (Review)
Review
The composition of milk includes factors required to provide appropriate nutrition for the growth of the neonate. However, it is now clear that milk has many functions and comprises bioactive molecules that play a central role in regulating developmental processes in the young while providing a protective function for both the suckled young and the mammary gland during the lactation cycle. Identifying these bioactives and their physiological function in eutherians can be difficult and requires extensive screening of milk components that may function to improve well-being and options for prevention and treatment of disease. New animal models with unique reproductive strategies are now becoming increasingly relevant to search for these factors.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Digestive System; Female; Genomics; Humans; Lactation; Lung; Mammals; Marsupialia; MicroRNAs; Milk; Milk Proteins; Milk, Human; Models, Animal; Monotremata; Peptides
PubMed: 26115887
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9331-6 -
Clinics in Perinatology Mar 1995Information is emerging now that supports the use of human milk for low-birthweight (LBW) infants. The nutritional benefits, in terms of protein digestion, amino and... (Review)
Review
Information is emerging now that supports the use of human milk for low-birthweight (LBW) infants. The nutritional benefits, in terms of protein digestion, amino and fatty acid patterns, fat absorption, and lactose digestion are recognized. Gastrointestinal function may be enhanced with human milk feeding. Profound effects on host defense, including a reduction in the rates of neonatal infection and necrotizing enterocolitis, recently have been acknowledged. To enable the LBW infant to continue to receive a mother's own milk, attention needs to be focused on specific nutrient limitations. Calcium and phosphorus require supplementation. Protein and sodium supplements may be needed. Commercial formulations are available that enable the fortification of human milk. Approaches that facilitate the feeding of a mother's own milk should be adopted by neonatal units.
Topics: Amino Acids; Fatty Acids; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Lactose; Milk Proteins; Milk, Human
PubMed: 7781253
DOI: No ID Found -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... Jul 2015Human milk is extremely complex secretion rich in biologically active glycoconjugates including free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and... (Review)
Review
Human milk is extremely complex secretion rich in biologically active glycoconjugates including free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans. Alpha1-2-fucosylated glycoconjugates of human milk are component of the innate immune system and provide an additional defense for infants. Participation of fucosylated glycotopes in the inhibition of infections caused by some bacteria and/or viruses rely on blocking of lectin-receptors of pathogen. Free fucosylated glycoconjugates present in milk are recognized and bound by the lectin-receptors of bacteria and/or viruses, and prevent pathogens adhesion to host epithelial cells and development of infection. So far, the efficacy of fucosylated glycoconjugates of human milk in the inhibition of adhesion has been confirmed for Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, Rotaviruses, HIV, and Noroviruses. In this process the secretor/nonsecretor status of mother plays an important role. This is particularly important for the women who are nonsecretors and whose milk does not contain α1-2-fucosylated glycoconjugates and has reduced anti-microbial properties. Fucosylated glycoconjugates of milk are also one of the energy sources for physiological bacterial flora (Bifidobacterium), and have a positive impact on the intestinal peristalsis, and indirectly stimulate the central nervous system of infants. Furthermore, compared to human milk, the content of fucosylated glycoconjugates of cow’s milk is very low and does not provide adequate protection. This fact is particularly important in terms of nutrition and should be taken into consideration when artificial mixtures based on cows’ milk are used. The paper presents the current state of knowledge on human milk glycoconjugates, particularly on α1-2-fucosylated free oligosaccharides and glycoproteins, and discusses the significance of fucosylated glycoconjugates of human milk in the nutrition of newborns and infants.
Topics: Female; Fucose; Glycoconjugates; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Male; Milk, Human; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 26206995
DOI: 10.5604/17322693.1162561