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Journal of Agricultural and Food... Nov 2018Early nutrition has an enormous influence on a child's physiological function, immune system maturation, and cognitive development. Human breast milk (HBM) is recognized... (Review)
Review
Early nutrition has an enormous influence on a child's physiological function, immune system maturation, and cognitive development. Human breast milk (HBM) is recognized as the gold standard for human infant nutrition. According to a WHO report, breastfeeding is considered as an unequaled way of providing ideal food to the infant, which is required for his healthy growth and development. HBM contains various macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) as well as numerous bioactive compounds and interactive elements (growth factors, hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge about metabolites, which are the least understood components of HBM, and their potential role in infant development. We focus on small metabolites (<1500 Da) and characterize the chemical structure and biological function of polar metabolites such as human milk oligosaccharides, nonprotein molecules containing nitrogen (creatine, amino acids, nucleotides, polyamines), and nonpolar lipids. We believe that this manuscript will provide a comprehensive insight into a HBM metabolite composition, chemical structure, and their role in a child's early life nutrition.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Child Development; Humans; Infant; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides; Proteins
PubMed: 30247884
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04031 -
Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official... Sep 2020Mother's own human milk is the best nutrition for infants, especially preterm very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) (≤1,500 g) infants, because of its immune-modulatory... (Review)
Review
Mother's own human milk is the best nutrition for infants, especially preterm very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) (≤1,500 g) infants, because of its immune-modulatory constituents that strengthen the infant's host defense, provide protection against infections, and decrease the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). When mother's own milk is unavailable or insufficient, donor human milk is considered the best alternative, especially for preterm VLBW infants. However, to assure biological safety, donor milk must be pasteurized. This results in partial or complete inactivation of some of the immunomodulatory constituents of human milk, which confer host defense. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the effects of pasteurization on the different immunological constituents of donor milk, and their clinical significance, especially in relation to prevention of NEC.
Topics: Animals; Breast Feeding; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Milk Banks; Milk, Human; Pasteurization
PubMed: 32672472
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0192 -
Se Pu = Chinese Journal of... May 2019Human milk is the optimal food for infant nutrition and growth. Proteins are abundant and represent a key element in human milk. With recent developments in proteomics,... (Review)
Review
Human milk is the optimal food for infant nutrition and growth. Proteins are abundant and represent a key element in human milk. With recent developments in proteomics, more tools are available to explore human milk proteins. This article aims to review the recent investigations of human milk proteins using proteomic methodologies. This review focuses on using proteomics as a tool to study the components of human milk proteins; dynamics of human milk proteins during lactation; comparison of proteome from human milk and other source milk, phosphoprotein and glycoprotein analysis of human milk; endogenous peptides in human milk; and the human milk proteome and its correlation to curing of various diseases. Proteomics technology has enabled the study of human milk proteins in the era of micronutrient research, and the results of these studies will be helpful for further analysis of mother and infant health.
Topics: Female; Humans; Lactation; Milk Proteins; Milk, Human; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 31070328
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2018.12019 -
The Journal of Nutrition Mar 2007Feeding infants breast milk of healthy mothers is associated with a lower incidence of infectious and allergic diseases. Although this effect is of multifactorial... (Review)
Review
Feeding infants breast milk of healthy mothers is associated with a lower incidence of infectious and allergic diseases. Although this effect is of multifactorial origin, it is widely accepted that the entire intestinal flora of breast-fed infants provides antiinfective properties and is an important stimulating factor for the postnatal development of the immune system. The effect of human milk on the postnatal development of the intestinal flora cannot be attributed to a single ingredient. It is generally accepted, however, that human milk oligosaccharides play a key role in this matter. Apart from their prebiotic effects, there is also evidence that human milk oligosaccharides act as receptor analogs to inhibit the adhesion of pathogens on the epithelial surface and interact directly with immune cells. Because of their complexity, oligosaccharides with structures identical to human milk oligosaccharides are not yet available as dietary ingredients. In the current search for alternatives, non-milk-derived oligosaccharides have gained much attention. As 1 example, a mixture of neutral galacto-oligosaccharides and long chain fructo-oligosaccharides have been identified as effective prebiotic ingredients during infancy. Furthermore, another class of oligosaccharides with a potential physiological benefit could be those found in animal milks. Most of the oligosaccharides detected in domestic animal milks have some structural features in common with human milk oligosaccharides. One important fact is the occurrence of sialic acids such as N-acetylneuraminic acids. However, total amounts and individual structures are still different from those in human milk oligosaccharides. Although these structural similarities between animal milk and human milk oligosaccharides are promising, further studies are needed to prove the equivalence of their function.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Intestines; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides; Probiotics; Species Specificity
PubMed: 17311985
DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.3.847S -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Aug 2022Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of glycans found in breastmilk with over 200 identified structures. Despite being the third-largest component in... (Review)
Review
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of glycans found in breastmilk with over 200 identified structures. Despite being the third-largest component in breastmilk, HMOs are indigestible by infants, which raises an intriguing question: we would expect evolutionary dynamics to have shaped breastmilk to efficiently fulfill the baby's nutritional needs; what, then, could be the role of HMOs? Tracking their fate offers an answer: they are metabolized by certain gut bacteria, suggesting that breastmilk has been structured to shape the developing infant microbiome. We suggest that ecological paradigms, in particular, the notion of priority effects, can help contextualize the importance of HMOs as agents shaping the gut microbiome. The fitness consequences of this process provide insight regarding the evolutionary forces that have shaped the composition of breastmilk. In this review, we offer an eco-evolutionary perspective and present empirical data associating the compositions of mothers' milk and their infants' gut microbiomes.
Topics: Bacteria; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant; Microbiota; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 35598464
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102156 -
Nutrients May 2024One of the most important bioactive components of breast milk are free breast milk oligosaccharides, which are a source of energy for commensal intestinal... (Review)
Review
One of the most important bioactive components of breast milk are free breast milk oligosaccharides, which are a source of energy for commensal intestinal microorganisms, stimulating the growth of , , and in a child's digestive tract. There is some evidence that maternal, perinatal, and environmental-cultural factors influence the modulation of the breast milk microbiome. This review summarizes research that has examined the composition of the breast milk microbiome and the factors that may influence it. The manuscript highlights the potential importance of the breast milk microbiome for the future development and health of children. The origin of bacteria in breast milk is thought to include the mother's digestive tract (entero-mammary tract), bacterial exposure to the breast during breastfeeding, and the retrograde flow of breast milk from the infant's mouth to the woman's milk ducts. Unfortunately, despite increasingly more precise methods for assessing microorganisms in human milk, the topic of the human milk microbiome is still quite limited and requires scientific research that takes into account various conditions.
Topics: Milk, Human; Humans; Female; Microbiota; Breast Feeding; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Gastrointestinal Microbiome
PubMed: 38794658
DOI: 10.3390/nu16101420 -
Nutrients Nov 2019Human milk oligosaccharides have been recognized as an important, functional biomolecule in mothers' milk. Moreover, these oligosaccharides have been recognized as the... (Review)
Review
Human milk oligosaccharides have been recognized as an important, functional biomolecule in mothers' milk. Moreover, these oligosaccharides have been recognized as the third most abundant component of human milk, ranging from 10-15 g/L in mature milk and up to and over 20 g/L reported in colostrum. Initially, health benefits of human milk oligosaccharides were assigned via observational studies on the differences between breastfed and bottle fed infants. Later, pools of milk oligosaccharides were isolated and used in functional studies and in recent years more specific studies into structure-function relationships have identified some advanced roles for milk oligosaccharides in the healthy development of infants. In other research, the levels, diversity, and complexity of human milk oligosaccharides have been studied, showing a wide variation in results. This review gives a critical overview of challenges in the analysis of human milk oligosaccharides. In view of the myriad functions that can be assigned, often to specific structures or classes of structures, it is very relevant to assess the levels of these structures in the human milk correctly, as well as in other biological sample materials. Ultimately, the review makes a case for a comparative, inter-laboratory study on quantitative human milk oligosaccharide analysis in all relevant biological samples.
Topics: Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Humans; Infant; Mass Spectrometry; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 31698698
DOI: 10.3390/nu11112684 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2022Human milk lipids differ from the milk lipids of other mammals in composition and positional distribution of fatty acids. Analysis and detection technology of lipids is... (Review)
Review
Human milk lipids differ from the milk lipids of other mammals in composition and positional distribution of fatty acids. Analysis and detection technology of lipids is key to understanding milk lipids, and thus the concentrations, compositions and distribution characteristics of milk lipids are discussed. Differences between human milk lipids and their substitutes in form, composition and structure affect their digestion, absorption and function in infants. Characteristics and mimicking of human milk lipids have been intensively studied with the objective of narrowing the gap between human milk and infant formulae. Based on the existing achievements, further progress may be made by improving detection techniques, deepening knowledge of metabolic pathways and perfecting fat substitutes. This review detailed the characteristics of human milk lipids and related detection technologies with a view towards providing a clear direction for research on mimicking human milk lipids in formulae to further improve infant nutrition.
Topics: Animals; Fat Substitutes; Fatty Acids; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Mammals; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 35661604
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133332 -
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) Dec 1997
Review
Topics: Animals; Breast Feeding; Cattle; Female; HLA Antigens; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Infant, Newborn; Milk; Milk, Human; Rats; Sheep
PubMed: 9475302
DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14899.x -
Swiss Medical Weekly Feb 2014Oligosaccharides represent a significant fraction of breast milk, reaching up to 20 g/l in early milk. Human milk oligosaccharides comprise close to 200 structures,... (Review)
Review
Oligosaccharides represent a significant fraction of breast milk, reaching up to 20 g/l in early milk. Human milk oligosaccharides comprise close to 200 structures, which are not absorbed by the intestinal tissue and have no nutritional value for the breastfed infant. Early studies conducted around 1930 already attributed a prebiotic activity to milk oligosaccharides by showing their stimulatory effects on the growth of specific intestinal microbiota. In addition, milk oligosaccharides contribute to the defence against enteric pathogens by acting as soluble decoys preventing the adhesion of viruses and bacteria to their carbohydrate mucosal receptors. The structural complexity of milk oligosaccharides hampers the assignment of specific functions to single carbohydrates. The application of mouse models allows the investigation of unique milk oligosaccharides in the context of intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity. In this respect, our recent work has demonstrated that uptake of the milk oligosaccharide 3-sialyllactose increases the inflammatory response observed in different colitis models. The proinflammatory action of 3-sialyllactose was attributed on the one hand to the modulation of intestinal bacterial groups, and on the other hand to a direct stimulatory effect on CD11c+ dendritic cells. The availability of pure oligosaccharides in large amounts will soon enable the study of these compounds in humans in the context of intestinal and metabolic disorders associated to various forms of dysbiosis.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mice; Microbiota; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 24554478
DOI: 10.4414/smw.2014.13927