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Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop... 2020Norovirus infections belong to the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide, and epidemic outbreaks are responsible for hundreds of thousands deaths... (Review)
Review
Norovirus infections belong to the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide, and epidemic outbreaks are responsible for hundreds of thousands deaths annually. Strikingly, no antiviral treatment is available due to the difficulty in cultivating virions or in generating a vaccine, and due to the fact that their infection mechanisms are poorly understood. However, there is consent that noroviruses bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on their way through the digestive tract. The HBGA profiles vary individually, making people more or less susceptible to different norovirus strains. In our current work, we tried to decipher the HBGA specificity of the most prevalent and clinically relevant norovirus GII.4 subfamily (Sydney 2012, JX459908) and its preferences for human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) as potential anti-infectives. The structural evidence provided can explain at the molecular level why individuals with certain blood groups are at higher risk of infection, and how these infections may be prevented and treated by application of food additives. A central finding was that low-affinity binding of HMOs is surpassed by high-avidity binding of multivalent oligo- and polyfucoses as found in algal polysaccharides (fucoidans). Insight into structural details of fucoidans and their impact on noroviral-blocking efficiency is provided and discussed.
Topics: Caliciviridae Infections; Humans; Milk, Human; Norovirus; Oligosaccharides; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 32176880
DOI: 10.1159/000505338 -
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Jun 2022Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have recently attracted ever-increasing interest because of their versatile physiological functions. In HMOs, two tetrasaccharides,... (Review)
Review
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have recently attracted ever-increasing interest because of their versatile physiological functions. In HMOs, two tetrasaccharides, lacto--tetraose (LNT) and lacto--neotetraose (LNnT), constitute the essential components, each accounting 6% (w/w) of total HMOs. Also, they serve as core structures for fucosylation and sialylation, generating functional derivatives and elongation generating longer chains of core structures. LNT, LNnT, and their fucosylated and/or sialylated derivatives account for more than 30% (w/w) of total HMOs. For derivatization, LNT and LNnT can be modified into a series of complex fucosylated and/or sialylated HMOs by transferring fucose residues at 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,3/4-linkage and/or sialic acid residues at 2,3- and 2,6-linkage. Such structural diversity allows these HMOs to possess great commercial value and an application potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we first elaborate the physiological functions of these tetrasaccharides and derivatives. Next, we extensively review recent developments in the biosynthesis of LNT, LNnT, and their derivatives and by employing advanced enzymatic reaction systems and metabolic engineering strategies. Finally, future perspectives in the synthesis of these HMOs using enzymatic and metabolic engineering approaches are presented.
Topics: Glycosylation; Humans; Metabolic Engineering; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 34346270
DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1944973 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Jul 2020In neonatal chylothorax, thoracic lymphatic drainage is ineffective. The resultant effusions often require drainage, leading to a loss of immune components. Affected...
BACKGROUND
In neonatal chylothorax, thoracic lymphatic drainage is ineffective. The resultant effusions often require drainage, leading to a loss of immune components. Affected infants can be managed with formula or defatted human milk feedings low in long-chain triglycerides to decrease lymph production. We hypothesized that there is no significant difference in the immunological profile or antibacterial effect of full-fat and defatted human milk.
METHODS
Milk from lactating mothers was divided into 1 aliquot that was defatted via centrifugation with the full-fat aliquot as control. Macronutrient content was analyzed with mid-infrared spectroscopy. Flow cytometry was used to measure immune cell populations. Lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin (Ig)A, and IgG values were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antibacterial properties were determined by inoculating paired full-fat and defatted milk samples with Escherichia coli or Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria and performing colony counts.
RESULTS
Compared with full-fat milk, defatted milk demonstrated decreased total energy and fat and increased carbohydrate concentrations. Defatted milk demonstrated a significant decrease in all immune cell populations. There was no difference in IgA, IgG, lysozyme, or lactoferrin concentrations. Both aliquots demonstrated equivalent growth inhibition of E. coli and S. pneumoniae.
CONCLUSIONS
Unexpectedly, defatted human milk contained significantly less leukocytes than full-fat milk. IgA, IgG, lysozyme, and lactoferrin concentrations were preserved. The ability of defatted milk to inhibit bacterial growth was unaffected, suggesting that the antibacterial benefits of human milk remain after the defatting process. Further investigation regarding the clinical effect of leukocyte loss in defatted milk is warranted.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Fats; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Infant; Lactation; Milk, Human; Muramidase
PubMed: 31599047
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1722 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2016Human milk is seen not only as a food, but as a functional and dynamic biologic system. It provides nutrients, bioactive components, and immune factors, promoting... (Review)
Review
Human milk is seen not only as a food, but as a functional and dynamic biologic system. It provides nutrients, bioactive components, and immune factors, promoting adequate and healthy growth of newborn infants. When mothers cannot supply their children, donated breast milk is the nutrition recommended by the World Health Organization, as it is a better alternative than infant formula. However, because of the manner in which donor milk is handled in human milk banks (HMB) many of the properties ascribed to mother's own milk are diminished or destroyed. The major process responsible for these losses is Holder pasteurization. High-pressure processing (HPP) is a novel nonthermal pasteurization technology that is being increasingly applied in food industries worldwide, primarily as an alternative to thermal treatment. This is due to its capacity to inactivate microorganisms while preserving both nutritional and bioactive components of foods. This review describes human milk composition and preservation, and critically discusses HMB importance and practices, highlighting HPP as a potential nonthermal pasteurization technology for human milk preservation. HPP technology is described and the few currently existing studies of its effects in human milk are presented.
Topics: Female; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Milk, Human; Pasteurization; Pressure
PubMed: 25313944
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.753402 -
Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop... 2019Human milk contains a wide variety of bioactive components, including long-chain fatty acids, complex oligosaccharides, and bioactive proteins. More recently, it was...
Human milk contains a wide variety of bioactive components, including long-chain fatty acids, complex oligosaccharides, and bioactive proteins. More recently, it was discovered that breast milk also contains exosomes, i.e., microvesicles containing microRNAs (miRNAs) with sizes of ∼22 nucleotides. Several of these miRNAs have been shown to originate from the mammary gland, and many of them are involved in cellular development and immune function. Exosome-mediated transfer of miRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. It is therefore possible that exosomes in milk may survive digestion and deliver miRNAs to intestinal cells, or, if transferred into the blood stream, to cells in other tissues. In vitro work has shown that exosomes and their miRNA cargo can survive proteolytic digestion and that intestinal epithelial cells take up the exosomes and deliver them to the nucleus. Research on human adults consuming cow milk has shown that major bovine milk miRNAs are found in the circulation postprandially, further suggesting that exosomes can resist conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and be delivered to the systemic circulation. Thus, it is possible that milk miRNAs may transfer genetic material to the infant and thereby affect gene transcription and regulation of cellular events in several tissues.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Digestion; Exosomes; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Lactation; MicroRNAs; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 30865991
DOI: 10.1159/000490297 -
Early Human Development Oct 1997The composition of human milk varies over the course of lactation and in each individual. The volume of breast milk produced is related to the weight of the infant.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The composition of human milk varies over the course of lactation and in each individual. The volume of breast milk produced is related to the weight of the infant. Human milk is markedly different from cows' milk, both in terms of macronutrients and micronutrients. This includes the types of fatty acids present and factors affecting their absorption. The types of proteins present and their relative proportions and both qualitative and quantitative differences in the non-protein nitrogen fraction. There is much less lactose in cows' milk than breast milk and the oligosaccharide fraction is very different. Their are major differences in content and absorption rates of vitamins and minerals from breast milk compared to cows' milk or formula milk. Vitamin D and vitamin K status are possible problems for the breast-fed infant in certain circumstances. The nutritional status of the mother appears to influence fat concentration and thus the energy content of breast milk as well as its fatty acid composition and immunological properties. There is no coherent evidence, however, that the protein or lactose concentrations are greatly affected. There is some evidence that the concentration of vitamins in the breast milk are influenced by the mother's intake. Minerals are less variable, with the exception of selenium. The response of the infant to human and formula milk differs with respect to endocrine function, stool motility, immune function and renal function. Infant formula milks are designed to mimic human milk as much as possible, but this is unlikely to ever be completely successful. A number of important compositional differences between human milk and formula milk remain. This includes the types and proportions of fatty acids present (which may be of developmental importance), the nature of the non-protein nitrogen component (also possible developmental importance) and the presence of immunoglobulins and fibronectin (which may protect the infant against infection).
Topics: Diet; Female; Humans; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Welfare; Micronutrients; Milk, Human; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 9363415
DOI: 10.1016/s0378-3782(97)00051-0 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Jun 2023Human milk glycans are complex carbohydrates, which play a pivotal role in infant health and neonatal development. Maternal secretor status is known to affect free...
Human milk glycans are complex carbohydrates, which play a pivotal role in infant health and neonatal development. Maternal secretor status is known to affect free oligosaccharides in milk. Here, the milk N-glycome of secretor (Se+) and nonsecretor (Se-) individuals was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The total glycosylation, fucosylation, and sialylation of N-glycans was three times higher in the Se+ group compared to the Se- group (p < 0.001) per equal volume of milk. Importantly, 52 out of 63 N-glycans-including the eight most abundant ones-differed greatly between Se+ and Se- individuals (p < 0.05). Moreover, nine N-glycans (H5N3F1, H6N3, H3N5F1, H5N5F1, H5N5F1S1, H5N4F3S1, H6N4F2S1, H6N5F4S1, and H8N7S1) were >10 times more abundant in Se+ milk than in Se- milk. These findings lay a glycomics-basis for designing personalized nutrition supplements for infants.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Milk, Human; Whey; Polysaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Whey Proteins; Glycoproteins
PubMed: 36925253
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120728 -
Endocrine Reviews Dec 1993Research dealing with hormones/growth factors in milk has progressed rapidly during the last 10 yr from their identification in milk to their regulation of various... (Review)
Review
Research dealing with hormones/growth factors in milk has progressed rapidly during the last 10 yr from their identification in milk to their regulation of various functions in the maternal organism and in the neonate. Many hormones, growth factors, and bioactive substances present in the maternal organism are present in colostrum and milk, often exceeding concentrations that occur in maternal plasma. Some appear in milk in different, sometimes multiple, forms from that found in maternal serum, reflecting to some extent synthesis and posttranslational processing by mammary tissue. Recent research has indicated that many milk hormones/growth factors survive the environment of the gut of the neonate, become absorbed into the neonatal circulation, and exert important functions in the neonate.
Topics: Animals; Growth Substances; Hormones; Humans; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 8119234
DOI: 10.1210/edrv-14-6-710 -
Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series.... 2011Until the early 20th century, a wet nurse was the only safe alternative to breastfeeding, one reason being that each species has a unique composition of its milk. When... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Until the early 20th century, a wet nurse was the only safe alternative to breastfeeding, one reason being that each species has a unique composition of its milk. When techniques for chemical analyses of milks and assessment of the energy requirements of infants became available during the 19th century, reasonably safe breast milk substitutes started to be developed. Successively, these were developed into modern infant formulas during the 20th century using human milk composition as reference and cow's milk as protein source. Even with a composition similar to human milk there are differences in performance between formula-fed and breastfed infants. Novel ingredients and new techniques within the dairy industry will contribute to minimize these differences and so might techniques in molecular biology allowing large scale production of recombinant human milk proteins. This technique may be used for production of bioactive substances present in low concentrations in human milk but absent from bovine milk with proven effect on nutrient utilization or other health benefits. For formulas containing novel ingredients with potent biological activities produced with new techniques it will be extremely important that their safety and efficacy are rigorously evaluated because 'functional effects' are not necessarily the same as health benefits.
Topics: Animals; Consumer Product Safety; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Milk; Milk, Human; Species Specificity
PubMed: 21335987
DOI: 10.1159/000325572 -
British Medical Journal May 1977
Topics: Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Milk, Human; Sterilization
PubMed: 861640
DOI: No ID Found