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Pediatric Research Apr 1982
Review
Topics: Animals; Breast Feeding; Cattle; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 7043382
DOI: 10.1203/00006450-198204000-00003 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2001When first proposed, the hypothesis that human milk was anti-inflammatory was supported by 2 observations: poor function of milk leukocytes and the presence in milk of... (Review)
Review
When first proposed, the hypothesis that human milk was anti-inflammatory was supported by 2 observations: poor function of milk leukocytes and the presence in milk of components that could modify inflammatory processes. This hypothesis is now supported by studies documenting anti-inflammatory effects in animal models and suppression of humoral and cellular components of inflammation in vitro. To date, two mechanisms have been demonstrated: alteration of leukocyte function and modification of cytokine biology. It is not clear whether these mechanisms are only topical effects in the digestive tract, or whether absorption of milk components results in systemic effects. While inflammation benefits the host as a defense mechanism and precursor to immune responses, it also contributes to the clinical manifestations of illness and is an important early component of wound-healing responses that result in scar. The biological effects of milk's anti-inflammatory character may be to minimize clinical symptomatology without losing immunoresponsiveness for the breast-fed infant, and to minimize scar formation during healing responses.
Topics: Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocytes; Macrophages; Milk, Human; Neutrophils
PubMed: 11787684
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1_27 -
Journal of Perinatal Medicine Feb 2020Background To meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants, multicomponent nutrient fortifiers are added to human milk. The fortified human milk (FHM) product changes...
Background To meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants, multicomponent nutrient fortifiers are added to human milk. The fortified human milk (FHM) product changes the physical and biochemical characteristics of the milk. We questioned whether such physical-chemical changes in the milk would alter intrinsic probiotic bacterial activity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of osmolality and pH on the growth of probiotic bacterial species intrinsic to human milk. Methods Human milk samples (n = 26) were collected from mothers in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and stored at -20°C until analyzed. The samples were thawed and divided into three portions. Human milk fortifiers (HMFs) were added to two portions to prepare concentrations of FHM. The remaining portion was the unfortified control sample. Each sample was then divided into two parts. One part (baseline) was used to measure the osmolality and pH and plated on selective agar to enumerate the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria species. The remaining part was incubated at 37°C for 24 h to further test bacterial integrity (post-incubation) and then the same measurements were made (osmolality, pH, bacterial colony counts). Results When compared with unfortified milk at baseline, osmolality increased and pH decreased significantly after the addition of HMFs. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria colony counts did not differ among the groups pre-incubation. Post-incubation lactobacilli and bifidobacteria increased in all the groups. Conclusion The appropriate addition of HMFs differentially affected the osmolality and pH of the milk. These physical changes did not affect the growth of probiotic bacterial species.
Topics: Bifidobacterium; Food, Fortified; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactobacillus; Milk, Human; Osmolar Concentration; Probiotics
PubMed: 31874102
DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2019-0205 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Apr 2013Human milk is a rich source of nutrients and energy, shaped by mammalian evolution to provide all the nutritive requirements of the newborn. In addition, several... (Review)
Review
Human milk is a rich source of nutrients and energy, shaped by mammalian evolution to provide all the nutritive requirements of the newborn. In addition, several molecules in breast milk act as bioactive agents, playing an important role in infant protection and guiding a proper development. While major breast milk nutrients such as lactose, lipids and proteins are readily digested and consumed by the infant, other molecules, such as human milk oligosaccharides and glycosylated proteins and lipids, can escape intestinal digestion and transit through the gastrointestinal tract. In this environment, these molecules guide the composition of the developing infant intestinal microbiota by preventing the colonization of enteric pathogens and providing carbon and nitrogen sources for other colonic commensals. Only a few bacteria, in particular Bifidobacterium species, can gain access to the energetic content of milk as it is displayed in the colon, probably contributing to their predominance in the intestinal microbiota in the first year of life. Bifidobacteria deploy exquisite molecular mechanisms to utilize human milk oligosaccharides, and recent evidence indicates that their activities also target other human milk glycoconjugates. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how these microbes have been shaped by breast milk components and the strategies associated with their consumption of milk glycoconjugates.
Topics: Bifidobacterium; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Glycoconjugates; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Milk, Human
PubMed: 23460033
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064113-0 -
Women and Birth : Journal of the... Dec 2016Expressed breastmilk may be contaminated by viruses and bacteria, or lose nutritional value due to maternal transmission, storage, or handling. Babies may also... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Expressed breastmilk may be contaminated by viruses and bacteria, or lose nutritional value due to maternal transmission, storage, or handling. Babies may also unintentionally receive expressed breastmilk from a different mother.
AIMS
Conduct a systematic review of evidence from countries with incomes comparable to Australia to summarise the evidence around safe management of expressed breastmilk in terms of the risks of pathogen transmission, contamination and nutritional degradation from storage and transport, disinfection and cleaning procedures, and procedures to minimise misdelivery risk.
METHODS
A search of the international literature sought papers published from 2008 until November 2014. The reference lists of included papers were screened for additional studies. Included papers underwent methodological appraisal and data were extracted.
FINDINGS
Few pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality in developed countries had clear evidence of transmission through breastmilk. Short term storage (up to 96h) at 6.8°C appeared to be safe. Frozen storage was generally safe but results in immunological component degradation. Expert consensus suggests that several acceptable methods of cleaning, including using warm soapy water, or boiling. Breastmilk management policies appear to reduce misdelivery of breastmilk.
CONCLUSION
While there is a generally low risk of pathogen transmission via breastmilk, benefits must be considered against potential disease severity. Short-term refrigeration is generally acceptable for storage and transport. Freezing is often safe but causes degradation of immunological components. Universally, equipment used for expression and storage of breast milk should be well washed and disinfected. Effective breastmilk management policies can reduce risks of misdelivery.
Topics: Australia; Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Infant; Milk, Human; Risk; Sterilization
PubMed: 27318564
DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2016.05.007 -
Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official... Sep 2017
Topics: Adult; Ankyloglossia; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Milk, Human; Pregnancy
PubMed: 28759261
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.29050.aie -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2004Human milk contains a wide array of proteins that provide biologic activities ranging from antimicrobial effects to immunostimulatory functions. Proteins like... (Review)
Review
Human milk contains a wide array of proteins that provide biologic activities ranging from antimicrobial effects to immunostimulatory functions. Proteins like lactoferrin, secretory IgA, kappa-casein, lactoperoxidase, haptocorrin, lactadherin and peptides formed from human milk proteins during digestion can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and viruses and therefore protect against infection. At the same time, proteins like lactoferrin, bile-salt stimulated lipase, haptocorrin, kappa-casein, and folate-binding protein can facilitate the absorption of nutrients in the neonatal gut. However, the proteins in human milk themselves also provide adequate amounts of essential amino acids to the growing infant. This suggests a highly adapted digestive system, which allows the survival of some proteins and peptides in the upper gastrointestinal tract, while still allowing amino acid utilization from these proteins further down in the gut. It is now possible to produce recombinant human milk proteins in transgenic plants and animals, which makes it possible to further study the bioactivity of these proteins. Provided these proteins can be produced in large scale at low cost, that they show biologic activity and pose no safety concerns, it may be possible to add some human milk proteins to infant diets, such as formula and complementary foods. Human milk proteins produced in rice or potatoes, for example, could be added without much purification, because these staples commonly are used in weaning foods. Thus, some qualities provided by human milk may be included into other diets, although it is highly unlikely that all unique components of human milk can be copied this way.
Topics: Absorption; Amino Acids; Humans; Infant Food; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Intestines; Lactation; Milk Proteins; Milk, Human; Recombinant Proteins
PubMed: 15384564
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) Nov 1993
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Animals; Bifidobacterium; Breast Feeding; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Feces; Female; Humans; Infant Food; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Milk; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides; Pregnancy
PubMed: 8111168
DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12597.x -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2002
Review
Topics: 1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Milk, Human; Phospholipases A
PubMed: 12026031
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0559-4_9 -
The Journal of Nutrition Jan 2005There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the diverse mixture of bioactive components in human milk that influence the immune status of infants by... (Review)
Review
There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the diverse mixture of bioactive components in human milk that influence the immune status of infants by not only providing protection but also facilitating development, tolerance, and an appropriate inflammatory response. It could be suggested that milk is the communication vehicle between the maternal immune system and the infant, a system actively directing and educating the immune, metabolic, and microflora systems within the infant, while conferring multiple means of protection from pathogens. The physiological and protective functions of many of the immune components in human milk have been deduced not from studies in infants but from what is known in other species and in vitro models. This update briefly reviews immune development in infants and focuses on current knowledge of how both the "classical" immune and the nonimmune ingredients found in mature human milk promote immune development, facilitate the development of tolerance, and regulate the inflammatory response of infants.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Growth Substances; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Milk, Human
PubMed: 15623823
DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.1.1