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Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology... Feb 2012
Topics: Food Microbiology; Humans; Milk, Human; Pasteurization
PubMed: 21921810
DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318235d629 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2014
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Lactation; Macaca mulatta; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 24847026
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407638111 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Sep 2020Studies indicate that maternal weight status modulates human milk composition; however, results are conflicting.
BACKGROUND
Studies indicate that maternal weight status modulates human milk composition; however, results are conflicting.
OBJECTIVES
Our objective was to examine the relation between maternal body composition and human milk macronutrients and bioactive components and also their association with infant daily intakes and body composition.
METHODS
Human milk samples were obtained from a longitudinal study (NCT01131117) in normal weight (NW: 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, n = 88) and overweight/obese (OW: 25-35 kg/m2, n = 86) women between 0.5 and 9 mo postpartum. Macronutrient content was estimated using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Leptin, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Infant body composition was obtained using quantitative MRI. Linear mixed models were adjusted for postpartum age and infant sex.
RESULTS
Human milk in OW mothers was higher in fat and protein and lower in carbohydrate content at some time points compared with that in NW mothers. Human milk leptin, insulin, and CRP concentrations were higher in OW mothers compared with NW mothers, with infants of OW mothers exposed to 1.5-2.5 times higher concentrations of leptin and insulin compared with infants of NW mothers. Similar results were observed when concentrations were normalized to infant daily intake and body weight. The effect sizes of infant daily intakes associated with infant growth parameters were small for macronutrients [0.005-0.05 z-score units and 0.02-0.45 fat mass index (FMI) or fat-free mass index units per unit of change in composition, P < 0.05]. Larger effect sizes were seen with human milk insulin and leptin (0.24 z-score units and 0.37-1.15 FMI units per unit of change in composition, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate that infants of OW mothers are exposed to higher concentrations of insulin, leptin, and, to a lesser extent, CRP. The bioavailability of these 3 human milk bioactives and their mechanisms of action in the infant are unclear.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01131117.
Topics: Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Lactation; Longitudinal Studies; Milk, Human; Postpartum Period
PubMed: 32401302
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa098 -
Advances in Nutritional Research 2001
Review
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cattle; Colostrum; Female; Humans; Immune System; Immunity; Infant; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 11795041
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0661-4_9 -
Osteoporosis International : a Journal... Mar 2018
Topics: Animals; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 29147751
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4291-x -
The New England Journal of Medicine Oct 1977
Comparative Study
Topics: Animals; Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Developing Countries; Female; Health Education; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 578566
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197710272971713 -
Clinical Pharmacokinetics May 2024Human milk is a remarkable biofluid that provides essential nutrients and immune protection to newborns. Breastfeeding women consuming medications could pass the drug... (Review)
Review
Human milk is a remarkable biofluid that provides essential nutrients and immune protection to newborns. Breastfeeding women consuming medications could pass the drug through their milk to neonates. Drugs can be transferred to human milk by passive diffusion or active transport. The physicochemical properties of the drug largely impact the extent of drug transfer into human milk. A comprehensive understanding of the physiology of human milk formation, composition of milk, mechanisms of drug transfer, and factors influencing drug transfer into human milk is critical for appropriate selection and use of medications in lactating women. Quantification of drugs in the milk is essential for assessing the safety of pharmacotherapy during lactation. This can be achieved by developing specific, sensitive, and reproducible analytical methods using techniques such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The present review briefly discusses the physiology of human milk formation, composition of human milk, mechanisms of drug transfer into human milk, and factors influencing transfer of drugs from blood to milk. We further expand upon and critically evaluate the existing analytical approaches/assays used for the quantification of drugs in human milk.
Topics: Humans; Milk, Human; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Female; Lactation; Breast Feeding; Infant, Newborn; Chromatography, Liquid; Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 38748090
DOI: 10.1007/s40262-024-01374-3 -
Clinics in Perinatology Jun 1999Human milk lipids contain preformed LCPUFA in considerable amounts, which serve as precursors for the formation of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and other lipid... (Review)
Review
Human milk lipids contain preformed LCPUFA in considerable amounts, which serve as precursors for the formation of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and other lipid mediators, as well as essential components in membrane-rich tissues (such as the brain and the retina), thus affecting functional outcomes. Besides a balanced nutrient composition and a number of conditionally essential nutrients, human milk provides different types and classes of bioactive factors, such as enzymes, hormones, and growth factors, many of which appear to have a role in supporting infantile growth and development. The bioactive agents include antimicrobial factors (e.g., secretory IgA, oligosaccharides, FA); anti-inflammatory agents; transporters (e.g., lactoferrin); and digestive enzymes (e.g., BSSL). Several nonpeptide hormones (thyroid hormones, cortisol, progesterone, pregnanediol, estrogens, and artificial contraceptive) and peptide hormones and growth factors (erythropoietin, hHG, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, epidermal growth factor insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, nerve growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, gastrointestinal regulatory peptides and thyroid-parathyroid hormones) have been isolated and quantitated in human milk. Some of these components are also involved in the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract of the infant. In addition to the passive benefits provided by human milk, several data support the hypothesis that breastfeeding promotes the development of the infant's own immune system, which might confer long-term benefits for the newborn infant. The risk of IDDM, Crohn's disease, and atopic disease is lower in individuals who had been breastfed during infancy. Areas of major interest in human milk research include the study of human milk synthesis and the contributions of dietary composition and maternal metabolism to human milk composition, infantile utilization of human milk components, and the study of bioactive components, such as oligosaccharides, proteins and peptides, and lipids and their in vivo fate and biologic effects in the recipient infant.
Topics: Female; Humans; Lipids; Micronutrients; Milk, Human; Minerals; Vitamins
PubMed: 10394491
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinics in Perinatology Jun 1999In addition to well-recognized antimicrobial substances, a growing body of evidence has accrued during the last decade regarding the presence and function of... (Review)
Review
In addition to well-recognized antimicrobial substances, a growing body of evidence has accrued during the last decade regarding the presence and function of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory factors present in human milk and their role in protecting the mature newborn as well as the premature infant against infections. In addition, it is now appreciated that a number of these factors present in human milk may actively modulate the synthesis and maturation of the recipient immune system. This complex and interactive system of bioactive substances in human milk appears ideally to be designed to function by noninflammatory mechanisms, to operate often in a complementary or synergistic manner, to resist the digestive process in the recipient gastrointestinal tract, and to supplement developmentally delayed immune factors of the infant. The in vivo fate and effects of these immune factors in human milk, however, are still poorly understood. Clinical studies in conjunction with a broader use of experimental animal models and basic research are needed in the future to address these questions.
Topics: Female; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Immunologic Factors; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation Mediators; Milk, Human
PubMed: 10394492
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrients Aug 2016When a mother's milk is unavailable, the best alternative is donor milk (DM). Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks should be pasteurized in order to inactivate the... (Review)
Review
When a mother's milk is unavailable, the best alternative is donor milk (DM). Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks should be pasteurized in order to inactivate the microbial agents that may be present. Currently, pasteurization, performed at 62.5 °C for 30 min (Holder Pasteurization, HoP), is recommended for this purpose in international guidelines. Several studies have been performed to investigate the effects of HoP on the properties of DM. The present paper has the aim of reviewing the published papers on this topic, and to provide a comparison of the reported variations of biologically-active DM components before and after HoP. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that clearly identified the HoP parameters and compared the same DM samples, before and after pasteurization, were focused on. A total of 44 articles satisfied the above criteria, and were therefore selected. The findings from the literature report variable results. A possible explanation for this may be the heterogeneity of the test protocols that were applied. Moreover, the present review spans more than five decades, and modern pasteurizers may be able to modify the degradation kinetics for heat-sensitive substances, compared to older ones. Overall, the data indicate that HoP affects several milk components, although it is difficult to quantify the degradation degree. However, clinical practices demonstrate that many beneficial properties of DM still persist after HoP.
Topics: Female; Food Storage; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Milk Banks; Milk, Human; Nutritive Value; Pasteurization; Reproducibility of Results; Term Birth
PubMed: 27490567
DOI: 10.3390/nu8080477