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The American Psychologist Jan 2019Given the immense harm inflicted on individuals and groups of color via prejudice and discrimination, it becomes imperative for our nation to begin the process of...
Given the immense harm inflicted on individuals and groups of color via prejudice and discrimination, it becomes imperative for our nation to begin the process of disrupting, dismantling, and disarming the constant onslaught of micro- and macroaggressions. For too long, acceptance, silence, passivity, and inaction have been the predominant, albeit ineffective, strategies for coping with microaggressions. Inaction does nothing but support and proliferate biased perpetrator behaviors which occur at individual, institutional and societal levels. This article introduces a new strategic framework developed for addressing microaggressions that moves beyond coping and survival to concrete action steps and dialogues that targets, allies, and bystanders can perform (microinterventions). A review of responses to racist acts, suggest that microaggression reactions/interventions may be primarily to (a) remain passive, retreat, or give up; (b) strike back or hurt the aggressor; (c) stop, diminish, deflect, or put an end to the harmful act; (d) educate the perpetrator; (e) validate and support the targets; (f) act as an ally; (g) seek social support; (h) enlist outside authority or institutional intervention; or (h) achieve any combination of these objectives. We organize these responses into four major strategic goals of microinterventions: (a) make the invisible visible, (b) disarm the microaggression, (c) educate the perpetrator, and (d) seek external reinforcement or support. The objectives and rationale for each goal are discussed, along with specific microintervention tactics to employ and examples of how they are executed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Aggression; Humans; Minority Groups; Racism; Social Support; White People
PubMed: 30652905
DOI: 10.1037/amp0000296 -
Radiology Jul 2014
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Female; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Physicians
PubMed: 25093218
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Surgery Jul 2022
Topics: Demography; Female; Humans; Minority Groups; Workforce
PubMed: 35197193
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.02.010 -
CBE Life Sciences Education Jun 2022Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career barriers persist for individuals from marginalized communities due to financial and educational...
Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career barriers persist for individuals from marginalized communities due to financial and educational inequality, unconscious bias, and other disadvantaging factors. To evaluate differences in plans and interests between historically underrepresented (UR) and well-represented (WR) groups, we surveyed more than 3000 undergraduates enrolled in chemistry courses. Survey responses showed all groups arrived on campus with similar interests in learning more about science research. Over the 4 years of college, WR students maintained their interest levels, but UR students did not, creating a widening gap between the groups. Without intervention, UR students participated in lab research at lower rates than their WR peers. A case study pilot program, Biosciences Collaborative for Research Engagement (BioCoRE), encouraged STEM research exploration by undergraduates from marginalized communities. BioCoRE provided mentoring and programming that increased community cohesion and cultivated students' intrinsic scientific mindsets. Our data showed that there was no statistical significant difference between BioCoRE WR and UR students when surveyed about plans for a medical profession, graduate school, and laboratory scientific research. In addition, BioCoRE participants reported higher levels of confidence in conducting research than non-BioCoRE Scholars. We now have the highest annual number of UR students moving into PhD programs in our institution's history.
Topics: Engineering; Humans; Minority Groups; Students; Technology; Universities
PubMed: 35324271
DOI: 10.1187/cbe.20-06-0111 -
Headache Mar 2017Minorities have historically been underrepresented in clinical research trials despite having comparatively poor health indicators. Recognizing the dual inequalities of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Minorities have historically been underrepresented in clinical research trials despite having comparatively poor health indicators. Recognizing the dual inequalities of increased disease burden and decreased research participation, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act of 1993 mandated the inclusion and reporting of women and minorities in NIH-funded research. While progress has been made in the subsequent decades, this underrepresentation of minorities in research trials persists and has been documented in multiple disciplines. However, the extent of adequate representation and reporting of minority inclusion in clinical trials for migraine remains unknown.
OBJECTIVES
In this systematic review and study, we review the literature examining the representation of women and minorities in migraine clinical research trials METHODS: First we searched PubMed for pertinent articles examining the inclusion of women and minorities in migraine clinical research trials. Second, we identified controlled-trials for migraine published since 2011 in major neurology, headache, and general medicine journals using the terms "migraine randomized controlled trial." We then reviewed the results manually and excluded pilot studies and those with fewer than 50 participants. We next determined (a) how frequently representation of minorities and women were reported in these major trials; (b) what factors correlated with reporting; and (c) whether women and minority inclusion comprised their ratios in the general population.
RESULTS
We identified 128 relevant clinical trials, of which 36 met our inclusion criteria. All 36 trials (100%) reported gender frequency, and 25 of 36 (69.4%) reported ethnicity or race. Among all studies, women and Whites represented 84.2 and 82.9% of participants (mean), respectively. Studies conducted in the United States and funded by a private company were more likely to report race than studies conducted exclusively outside of the U.S. or with a public sponsor. No studies stratified efficacy or safety by ethnicity or gender. Men and non-Whites in the U.S. were statistically underrepresented.
CONCLUSIONS
Most recent headache studies comply with the NIH mandate to include women and minorities in research trials, particularly U.S.-based and industry-funded studies. Whites are overrepresented compared to both the general population and the population of migraineurs. Future studies should strive to increase minority participation and investigate race-based differences in migraine expression, treatment response, and medication toxicity.
Topics: Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Male; Migraine Disorders; Minority Groups; PubMed; Sex Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric
PubMed: 28127754
DOI: 10.1111/head.13018 -
The Journal of Applied Psychology May 2019The inflow of immigrants challenges organizations to consider alternative selection procedures that reduce potential minority (immigrants)-majority (natives)...
The inflow of immigrants challenges organizations to consider alternative selection procedures that reduce potential minority (immigrants)-majority (natives) differences, while maintaining valid predictions of performance. To deal with this challenge, this paper proposes response format as a practically and theoretically relevant factor for situational judgment tests (SJTs). We examine a range of response format categories (from traditional multiple-choice formats to more innovative constructed response formats) and conceptually link these response formats to mechanisms underlying minority-majority differences. Two field experiments are conducted with SJTs. Study 1 (274 job seekers) contrasts minority-majority differences in scores on a multiple-choice versus a written constructed response format. Written constructed responses produce much smaller minority-majority differences (d = .28 vs. d = .92). In Study 2 (269 incumbents), scores on a written constructed versus an audiovisual constructed format are compared. The audiovisual format further reduces minority-majority differences (d = .09 vs. d = .41), with validities remaining the same. Results are suggestive of cognitive load as a contributor to the reduction in minority-majority differences, as are rater effects: Scores of raters evaluating transcribed audiovisual responses, which anonymized test takers, produce larger differences. In sum, altering response modality via more realistic response formats (i.e., the audiovisual constructed format) leads to significant reductions in minority-majority differences without impairing criterion-related validity. Implications for selection theory and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Adult; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Humans; Judgment; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 30431296
DOI: 10.1037/apl0000367 -
FEMS Microbiology Letters Oct 2017Faculty development of inclusive teaching practices has become more common in response to significant differences in STEM student retention between underrepresented... (Review)
Review
Faculty development of inclusive teaching practices has become more common in response to significant differences in STEM student retention between underrepresented minorities in the USA and students from other ethnic groups. Approaches to solve this have shifted from focusing on student deficits to changing campus culture, including the mindsets of instructors who teach STEM courses. In this article, I argue that based on the literature informing the conceptual frameworks used for faculty development in inclusive teaching, faculty developers should reframe the message of their workshops to focus participants more on the scope of the journey, and shift the direction of overall efforts some to redevelop pedagogical training at the graduate and postdoc levels. Informed by historical as well as recent theories on the role of higher education to society, I highlight the areas of the literature that can effectively inform our current approaches to inclusion. I also briefly review the reasons why this approach is needed, and include suggestions for new faculty development approaches for long-term sustainable change in STEM inclusive education at the postsecondary level.
Topics: Engineering; Faculty; Humans; Learning; Mathematics; Minority Groups; Psychology, Educational; Science; Students; Teaching; Technology; Universities
PubMed: 28922842
DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx179 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Jun 2022Growing research establishes that stigma can play a key role in driving population health inequalities, particularly among minority groups. Indeed, stigma related to...
Growing research establishes that stigma can play a key role in driving population health inequalities, particularly among minority groups. Indeed, stigma related to gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, mental illness, or disability has been linked to elevated risk of mental and physical health problems ranging from depression to cardiovascular disease. Recent neuroimaging studies point to changes in brain structure and function-particularly in stress-responsive brain networks-in mediating the link between stigma and risk of mental disorders. For example, recent neuroimaging research links racial discrimination to elevated neural response to threat in Black women in the United States. Importantly, stigma can occur at multiple levels, and most research to date has focused on stigma experienced at individual or interpersonal levels (eg, identity concealment, victimization). However, structural stigma (eg, laws and social norms) is increasingly recognized as a critical social determinant of health for people in marginalized groups. However, structural stigma is methodologically challenging to study at the level of neurobiology because relatively large, multisite studies are needed that span different sociopolitical contexts. An innovative study by Hatzenbuehler et al. in this issue of the Journal examines for the first time the impact of structural stigma on neurodevelopment in children. This study paves the way for future studies examining how contexts-particularly stigmatizing contexts-can act as unseen drivers of neurodevelopment, health, or pathology.
Topics: Child; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Minority Groups; Sexual Behavior; Social Stigma; United States
PubMed: 34688856
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.10.008 -
The British Journal of Sociology Mar 2021A growing strand of the literature finds a causal negative impact of terrorism on undifferentiated discriminatory attitudes toward Muslims, migrants, and other...
A growing strand of the literature finds a causal negative impact of terrorism on undifferentiated discriminatory attitudes toward Muslims, migrants, and other minorities. In this paper, we argue that jihadist terrorism threatens first and foremost Muslims. To evaluate this claim, we estimate the causal effect of jihadist terrorism on the perceived discrimination among Muslims through a 2×2 quasi-experimental design. Exploiting "natural experiments" driven by exogenous variation in terror threat caused by jihadist attacks that unexpectedly occurred during the fieldwork of a large survey, we compare the perceived ethoracial discrimination of the relevant minority (Muslims) against other minorities (non-Muslims) before and after five different terror attacks in five different European countries. We find that jihadist attacks increase perceived ethnoracial discrimination among Muslims while reducing it among non-Muslims, and that individual-level factors including social status and economic insecurity mitigate public opinion responses to a greater extent than group-level factors do. Hence, while in-group attitudes toward out-groups tend to be undifferentiated, the experience of out-groups in the aftermath of jihadist attacks depends on the specific identity of the respondents.
Topics: Attitude; Humans; Islam; Minority Groups; Public Opinion; Terrorism
PubMed: 33368235
DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.12799 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Jun 2018
Topics: Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Asthma; Child; Humans; Minority Groups; Pharmacogenetics
PubMed: 29578752
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0457ED