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Proceedings of the National Academy of... Nov 2016Adolescents' participation in intergroup conflicts comprises an imminent global risk, and understanding its neural underpinnings may open new perspectives. We assessed...
Adolescents' participation in intergroup conflicts comprises an imminent global risk, and understanding its neural underpinnings may open new perspectives. We assessed Jewish-Israeli and Arab-Palestinian adolescents for brain response to the pain of ingroup/outgroup protagonists using magnetoencephalography (MEG), one-on-one positive and conflictual interactions with an outgroup member, attitudes toward the regional conflict, and oxytocin levels. A neural marker of ingroup bias emerged, expressed via alpha modulations in the somatosensory cortex (S1) that characterized an automatic response to the pain of all protagonists followed by rebound/enhancement to ingroup pain only. Adolescents' hostile social interactions with outgroup members and uncompromising attitudes toward the conflict influenced this neural marker. Furthermore, higher oxytocin levels in the Jewish-Israeli majority and tighter brain-to-brain synchrony among group members in the Arab-Palestinian minority enhanced the neural ingroup bias. Findings suggest that in cases of intractable intergroup conflict, top-down control mechanisms may block the brain's evolutionary-ancient resonance to outgroup pain, pinpointing adolescents' interpersonal and sociocognitive processes as potential targets for intervention.
Topics: Adolescent; Arabs; Attitude; Brain; Brain Mapping; Empathy; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Israel; Jews; Magnetoencephalography; Male; Middle East; Minority Groups; Oxytocin; Politics; Somatosensory Cortex
PubMed: 27849588
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612903113 -
Health Expectations : An International... Aug 2019Engaging underrepresented communities in health research priority setting could make the scientific agenda more equitable and more responsive to their needs.
CONTEXT
Engaging underrepresented communities in health research priority setting could make the scientific agenda more equitable and more responsive to their needs.
OBJECTIVE
Evaluate democratic deliberations engaging minority and underserved communities in setting health research priorities.
METHODS
Participants from underrepresented communities throughout Michigan (47 groups, n = 519) engaged in structured deliberations about health research priorities in professionally facilitated groups. We evaluated some aspects of the structure, process, and outcomes of deliberations, including representation, equality of participation, participants' views of deliberations, and the impact of group deliberations on individual participants' knowledge, attitudes, and points of view. Follow-up interviews elicited richer descriptions of these and also explored later effects on deliberators.
RESULTS
Deliberators (age 18-88 years) overrepresented minority groups. Participation in discussions was well distributed. Deliberators improved their knowledge about disparities, but not about health research. Participants, on average, supported using their group's decision to inform decision makers and would trust a process like this to inform funding decisions. Views of deliberations were the strongest predictor of these outcomes. Follow-up interviews revealed deliberators were particularly struck by their experience hearing and understanding other points of view, sometimes surprised at the group's ability to reach agreement, and occasionally activated to volunteer or advocate.
CONCLUSIONS
Deliberations using a structured group exercise to engage minority and underserved community members in setting health research priorities met some important criteria for a fair, credible process that could inform policy. Deliberations appeared to change some opinions, improved some knowledge, and were judged by participants worth using to inform policymakers.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Community Participation; Female; Group Processes; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medically Underserved Area; Michigan; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Research; Young Adult
PubMed: 31251446
DOI: 10.1111/hex.12931 -
The Journal of the American Academy of... Sep 2022Forensic mental health services provide care for many people of minority ethnicity whose over-representation in these areas is a result of complex structural inequities...
Forensic mental health services provide care for many people of minority ethnicity whose over-representation in these areas is a result of complex structural inequities in society. The need for cross-cultural understanding has long been advocated in forensic practice. Guidance on the integration of culture into forensic assessment has been well described, but little has been written about cultural responsiveness in forensic rehabilitation and recovery-based services. Cultural responsiveness is commonly expressed as a strategic goal for forensic providers, but there is little reported evidence of how to address and measure the effectiveness of cultural responsiveness initiatives. Equity of outcome by ethnicity should be the aim of forensic services, and this requires systematic measurement. Cultural safety, rather than cultural competence, has been promoted as the patient experience services should strive for. A measurement-based care framework can provide tools to evaluate service responses systematically and iteratively to address the challenges in achieving delivery of culturally safe forensic services.
Topics: Humans; Cultural Competency; Forensic Medicine; Mental Health Services; Minority Groups; Ethnicity
PubMed: 35710129
DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.210139-21 -
Neurology May 2020
Topics: Ethnicity; Hospitals; Humans; Minority Groups; Racial Groups; Stroke
PubMed: 32423984
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009447 -
Neurology May 2020
Topics: Ethnicity; Hospitals; Humans; Minority Groups; Racial Groups; Stroke
PubMed: 32423983
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009446 -
Journal of Professional Nursing :... 2021Racial and ethnic minority faculty members within nursing academia are critical to the recruitment and training of a diverse health care workforce. Effective strategies...
BACKGROUND
Racial and ethnic minority faculty members within nursing academia are critical to the recruitment and training of a diverse health care workforce. Effective strategies and opportunities for the success of minorities within nursing faculty must be identified and explored.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper is to identify strategies for support being utilized by nursing faculty of color, and support systems that practicing faculty of color believe would aid their success in academia.
METHOD
This descriptive survey used an 18-item online survey distributed to faculty of color in nursing academic institutions throughout the United States. Of the completed surveys, 116 responses met inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Common themes from faculty of color emerged regarding the importance of mentorship, faculty development, networking and acknowledgement.
CONCLUSION
Respondents noted their experience with successful support systems and strategies and support systems they found to be lacking. Strategies were recommended for promoting faculty of color in schools and colleges of nursing.
Topics: Ethnicity; Faculty, Nursing; Humans; Mentors; Minority Groups; Perception; United States
PubMed: 33674104
DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.11.006 -
Disasters Jan 2022This paper investigates the impacts of Tropical Cyclone Winston (2016) on rural Indo-Fijians and their response to the devastation. Studies have previously examined how...
This paper investigates the impacts of Tropical Cyclone Winston (2016) on rural Indo-Fijians and their response to the devastation. Studies have previously examined how rural communities in Pacific Island countries respond to severe climatic events, arguing that traditional knowledge of the climate, together with indigenous techniques, contribute substantially to recovery from a disaster. Strong communal bonds have also been identified as an influencing factor. Disaster risk reduction frameworks often assume the availability of such knowledge and capital. Yet, little research has been done on how minority groups with limited access to such knowledge and capital cope with disaster-related damage. The current study shows that rural Indo-Fijians responded to the consequences of Tropical Cyclone Winston differently to indigenous Fijians, owing to relatively limited access to traditional awareness of the climate, communal labour sharing, and intra- and/or inter-community networks. The findings point to the necessity to implement a more inclusive disaster risk reduction framework.
Topics: Cyclonic Storms; Disasters; Ethnicity; Humans; Minority Groups; Rural Population
PubMed: 32799368
DOI: 10.1111/disa.12462 -
Journal of Medical Ethics Aug 2015Routine neonatal circumcision--the non-therapeutic circumcision of infant males--has generated considerable ethical controversy. In this article, I suggest that much of... (Review)
Review
Routine neonatal circumcision--the non-therapeutic circumcision of infant males--has generated considerable ethical controversy. In this article, I suggest that much of the disagreement results from conflicting ideas about the autonomy of the child. I examine two questions about autonomy. First, I ask whether we should be realists or idealists about the future autonomous choices of the child-that is, whether we should account for the fact that the child may not make the best choices in future, or whether we should assume that his future choices will reflect his best interests. Second, I ask whether the child has a right to autonomy with respect to circumcision, an interest in autonomy or neither--that is, whether respect for autonomy overrides considerations of interests, whether it counts as one interest among many or whether it counts for nothing. In response to the first question, I argue that we should be idealists when evaluating the child's own interests, but realists when evaluating public health justifications for circumcision. In response to the second question, I argue that the child has an interest in deciding whether or not to be circumcised, insofar as the decision is more likely to reflect his actual interests and his own values. Finally, I show how these findings may help to resolve some particular disputes over the ethics of infant male circumcision.
Topics: Child Advocacy; Circumcision, Male; Cultural Characteristics; Decision Making; Human Rights; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Minors; Parents; Personal Autonomy; Religion and Medicine
PubMed: 25710966
DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2014-102319 -
Quality of Life Research : An... Aug 1997The Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) is a brief, comprehensive measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) used extensively in human... (Review)
Review
The Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) is a brief, comprehensive measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) used extensively in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The 35-item questionnaire includes ten dimensions (health perceptions, pain, physical, role, social and cognitive functioning, mental health, energy, health distress and quality of life (QoL) and takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. Subscales are scored on a 0-100 scale (a higher score indicates better health) and physical and mental health summary scores can be generated. The MOS-HIV has been shown to be internally consistent, correlate with concurrent measures of health, discriminate between distinct groups, predict future outcomes and be responsive to changes over time. Limited experience suggests acceptable reliability and validity in women, injecting drug users and African-American and lower socioeconomic status patients. The MOS-HIV is available in 14 languages and has been included as a secondary outcome measure in numerous clinical trials for all stages of disease. In several studies it has detected significant differences between treatments; in some cases concordant with conventional endpoints and, in others, discordant. The interpretation of scores is facilitated by an explanation in terms meaningful to the intended audience. Research is needed to compare the MOS-HIV to other strategies for HRQoL assessment in early HIV disease.
Topics: Female; HIV Infections; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 9330549
DOI: 10.1023/a:1018451930750 -
CNS Spectrums Feb 2005Findings from research on psychiatric epidemiology, disaster effects, discrepancies in service use, and cross-cultural psychology are reviewed to generate guidelines for... (Review)
Review
Findings from research on psychiatric epidemiology, disaster effects, discrepancies in service use, and cross-cultural psychology are reviewed to generate guidelines for culturally responsive postdisaster interventions. Ethnicity and culture influence mental health care at various points: on need for help; on availability and accessibility of help; on help-seeking comfort (stigma, mistrust), and on the probability that help is provided appropriately. There are aspects of disaster mental health practice that may ameliorate many of barriers that contribute to ethnic disparities in service use. It is proposed that interventions should give greater attention to socially engaged emotions and functioning. To promote disaster recovery, practitioners are advised to: assess community needs early and often; provide easily accessible services; work collaboratively and proactively to reduce stigma and mistrust and engage minorities in care; validate and normalize distress and help-seeking; value interdependence as well as independence as an appropriate developmental goal; promote community action; and advocate for, facilitate, or conduct treatment and evaluation research. Notwithstanding the pain and stress they cause, disasters create opportunities to de-stigmatize mental health needs and build trust between providers and minority communities.
Topics: Community Mental Health Services; Disasters; Ethnicity; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Mental Health Services; Minority Groups; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; United States; Violence
PubMed: 15685124
DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900019477