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Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng... Dec 2006Cryptosporidiosis is an important apicomplexan disease with medical and veterinary significance. There is still no effective drug for its control. Mitochondrion is an... (Review)
Review
Cryptosporidiosis is an important apicomplexan disease with medical and veterinary significance. There is still no effective drug for its control. Mitochondrion is an organelle which contains most protein and enzyme in eukaryotes, so the mitochondrion of Cryptosporidium may be a potential target of drugs. Recent studies provided evidence for a mitochondrial derived compartment in this parasite. But the organelle has some difference to that of other apicomplexan parasites. This organelle appears to lack its genome, and thus must be entirely dependent on nuclear-encoded proteins. This article reviews the evidence for the organelle in Cryptosporidium and its probable function.
Topics: Animals; Cryptosporidium; Mitochondria
PubMed: 17366982
DOI: No ID Found -
Mitochondrion May 2014
Topics: Humans; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Diseases
PubMed: 24699355
DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.009 -
Journal of Neuroscience Research Oct 2017Mitochondria play a key role in energy production, calcium homeostasis, cell survival, and death. Adverse stimulations including neurodegenerative diseases may result in... (Review)
Review
Mitochondria play a key role in energy production, calcium homeostasis, cell survival, and death. Adverse stimulations including neurodegenerative diseases may result in mitochondrial dynamic imbalance, free radical production, calcium accumulation, intrinsic cell death pathway activation and eventually cell death. Therefore, preserving or promoting mitochondrial function is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial biogenesis is a process by which new mitochondria are produced from existing mitochondria. This biogenesis process is regulated by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). Once being activated by either phosphorylation or de-acetylation, PGC-1α activates nuclear respiratory factor 1 and 2 (NRF1 and NRF2), and subsequently mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam). The activation of this PGC-1α - NRF -Tfam pathway leads to synthesis of mitochondrial DNA and proteins and generation of new mitochondria. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mitochondria; Nerve Degeneration; Organelle Biogenesis
PubMed: 28301064
DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24042 -
Mitochondrion Jul 2018Mitochondria fulfill important and diverse roles during the different stages of T cell adaptive responses. Here we discuss the role of the mitochondria in T cells from... (Review)
Review
Mitochondria fulfill important and diverse roles during the different stages of T cell adaptive responses. Here we discuss the role of the mitochondria in T cells from the initial steps of activation at the immune synapse to their participation in memory response and T cell exhaustion. Mitochondria are relocated to the immune synapse in order to supply local ATP and to aid calcium signaling. During expansion and proliferation, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species drive proliferation. Aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis and fatty acid oxidation regulate the program of differentiation into effector or regulatory T cell subsets, and mitochondrial remodeling proteins are required for the long-lasting phenotype of memory cells.
Topics: Animals; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Metabolic Diseases; Mitochondria; Signal Transduction; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 29032101
DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.10.006 -
Cell Aug 2008Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and imported into the mitochondrion via molecular machines called translocons on the outer and inner...
Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and imported into the mitochondrion via molecular machines called translocons on the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Alder et al. (2008b) examine protein translocation into intact mitochondria by adapting fluorescent techniques first used to study translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Topics: Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Proteins; Protein Transport; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
PubMed: 18692459
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.024 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Apr 2014While the mitochondrion has long fascinated biologists and the sheer diversity of druggable targets has made it attractive for potential drug development, there has been...
While the mitochondrion has long fascinated biologists and the sheer diversity of druggable targets has made it attractive for potential drug development, there has been little success translatable to the clinic. Given the diversity of inborn errors of metabolism and mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrially mediated oxidative stress (myopathies, reperfusion injury, Parkinson's disease, ageing) and the consequences of disturbed energetics (circulatory shock, diabetes, cancer), the potential for meaningful gain with novel drugs targeting mitochondrial mechanisms is huge both in terms of patient quality of life and health care costs. In this themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, we highlight the key directions of the contemporary advances in the field of mitochondrial biology, emerging drug targets and new molecules which are close to clinical application. Authors' contributions are diverse both in terms of species and organs in which the mitochondrially related studies are performed, and from the perspectives of mechanisms under study. Defined roles of mitochondria in disease are updated and previously unknown contributions to disease are described in terms of the interface between basic science and pathological relevance.
Topics: Drug Design; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Diseases; Molecular Targeted Therapy
PubMed: 24684388
DOI: 10.1111/bph.12679 -
Scientific Reports May 2017We report a three dimensional (3D) quantitative visualization of a mammalian mitochondrion by coherent x-ray diffractive imaging (CXDI) using synchrotron radiation. The...
We report a three dimensional (3D) quantitative visualization of a mammalian mitochondrion by coherent x-ray diffractive imaging (CXDI) using synchrotron radiation. The internal structures of a mitochondrion from a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3) were visualized by tomographic imaging at approximately 60 nm resolution without the need for sectioning or staining. The overall structure consisted of a high electron density region, composed of the outer and inner membranes and the cristae cluster, which enclosed the lower density mitochondrial matrix. The average mass density of the mitochondrion was about 1.36 g/cm. Sectioned images of the cristae reveal that they have neither a baffle nor septa shape but were instead irregular. In addition, a high resolution, about 14 nm, 2D projection image was captured of a similar mitochondrion with the aid of strongly scattering Au reference objects. Obtaining 3D images at this improved resolution will allow CXDI to be an effective and nondestructive method for investigating the innate structure of mitochondria and other important life supporting organelles.
Topics: Animals; Gold; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mice; Mitochondria; Molecular Imaging; NIH 3T3 Cells; Radiation, Ionizing; Tomography; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 28500280
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01833-x -
Mitochondrion Jan 2020Mitochondrial function relies on the activity of oxidative phosphorylation to synthesise ATP and generate an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial... (Review)
Review
Mitochondrial function relies on the activity of oxidative phosphorylation to synthesise ATP and generate an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. These coupled processes are mediated by five multi-subunit complexes that reside in this inner membrane. These complexes are the product of both nuclear and mitochondrial gene products. Defects in the function or assembly of these complexes can lead to mitochondrial diseases due to deficits in energy production and mitochondrial functions. Appropriate biogenesis and function are mediated by a complex number of assembly factors that promote maturation of specific complex subunits to form the active oxidative phosphorylation complex. The understanding of the biogenesis of each complex has been informed by studies in both simple eukaryotes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human patients with mitochondrial diseases. These studies reveal each complex assembles through a pathway using specific subunits and assembly factors to form kinetically distinct but related assembly modules. The current understanding of these complexes has embraced the revolutions in genomics and proteomics to further our knowledge on the impact of mitochondrial biology in genetics, medicine, and evolution.
Topics: Animals; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins; Electron Transport Complex IV; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Mammals; Mitochondria; Yeasts
PubMed: 31669617
DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.10.008 -
Mitochondrion May 2024Mitochondria are an indispensable part of the cell that plays a crucial role in regulating various signaling pathways, energy metabolism, cell differentiation,... (Review)
Review
Mitochondria are an indispensable part of the cell that plays a crucial role in regulating various signaling pathways, energy metabolism, cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. Since mitochondria have their own genetic material, they differ from their nuclear counterparts, and dysregulation is responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with several disorders, including neuro-muscular disorders, cancer, and premature aging, among others. The intricacy of the field is due to the cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial genes, which has also improved our knowledge of mitochondrial functions and their pathogenesis. Therefore, interdisciplinary research and communication are crucial for mitochondrial biology and medicine due to the challenges they pose for diagnosis and treatment. The ninth annual conference of the Society for Mitochondria Research and Medicine (SMRM)- India, titled "Mitochondria in Biology and Medicine" was organized at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India, on June 21-23, 2023. The latest advancements in the field of mitochondrial biology and medicine were discussed at the conference. In this article, we summarize the entire event for the benefit of researchers working in the field of mitochondrial biology and medicine.
Topics: Humans; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Diseases; Animals; India
PubMed: 38423268
DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101853 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Dec 2023Mitochondria participate in a wide range of cellular processes. One essential function of mitochondria is to be a platform for antiviral signaling proteins during the... (Review)
Review
Mitochondria participate in a wide range of cellular processes. One essential function of mitochondria is to be a platform for antiviral signaling proteins during the innate immune response to viral infection. Recently, studies have revealed that mitochondrion-derived DNAs and RNAs are recognized as non-self molecules and act as immunogenic ligands. More importantly, the cytosolic release of these mitochondrial nucleic acids (mt-NAs) is closely associated with the pathogenesis of human diseases accompanying aberrant immune activation. The release of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) via BAX/BAK activation and/or VDAC1 oligomerization activates the innate immune response and inflammasome assembly. In addition, mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs (mt-dsRNAs) are sensed by pattern recognition receptors in the cytosol to induce type I interferon expression and initiate apoptotic programs. Notably, these cytosolic mt-NAs also mediate adipocyte differentiation and contribute to mitogenesis and mitochondrial thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent studies of innate immune signaling pathways regulated by mt-NAs, human diseases associated with mt-NAs, and the emerging physiological roles of mt-NAs.
Topics: Humans; Nucleic Acids; Immunity, Innate; Signal Transduction; Receptors, Pattern Recognition; Mitochondria
PubMed: 38036728
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01121-x