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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Aug 2023The biosynthesis and secretion of Monascus pigments are closely related to the integrity of the cell membrane, which determines the composition of lipids and its content...
The biosynthesis and secretion of Monascus pigments are closely related to the integrity of the cell membrane, which determines the composition of lipids and its content in cell membrane. The present study aimed to thoroughly describe the changes of lipid profiling in Monascus purpureus BWY-5, which was screened by carbon ion beam irradiation (C) to almost single yield extracellular Monascus yellow pigments (extra-MYPs), by absolute quantitative lipidomics and tandem mass tags (TMT) based quantitative proteomic. C irradiation caused non-lipid oxidation damage to Monascus cell membrane, leading to an imbalance in cell membrane lipid homeostasis. This imbalance was attributed to significant changes not only in the composition but also in the content of lipids in Monascus, especially the inhibition of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. Integrity of plasma membrane was maintained by the increased production of ergosterol, monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (MGMG) and sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerol (SQMG), while mitochondrial membrane homeostasis was maintained by the increase of cardiolipin production. The growth and extra-MYPs production of Monascus BWY-5 have been regulated by the promotion of sphingolipids (ceramide and sulfatide) biosynthesis. Simultaneous, energy homeostasis may be achieved by increase of TG synthesis and Ca/Mg-ATPase activity. These finding suggest ergosterol, cardiolipin, sphingolipids, MGMG and SQMG play a key facilitating role in cytomembrane lipid homeostasis maintaining for Monascus purpureus BWY-5, and then it is closely related to cell growth and extra-MYPs production. KEY POINTS: 1. Energy homeostasis in Monascus purpureus BWY-5 was achieved by increase of TG synthesis and Ca/Mg-ATPase activity. 2. Integrity of plasma membrane in Monascus purpureus BWY-5 was maintained by the increased production of ergosterol. 3. Mitochondrial membrane homeostasis in Monascus purpureus BWY-5 was maintaed by the increase of cardiolipin synthesis.
Topics: Pigments, Biological; Monascus; Fermentation; Proteomics; Cardiolipins; Ergosterol; Adenosine Triphosphatases
PubMed: 37405437
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12654-6 -
Natural Product Research Jul 2023fermented rice, also known as red yeast rice, exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities due to its chemical constituents, such as monacolins and azaphilone...
fermented rice, also known as red yeast rice, exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities due to its chemical constituents, such as monacolins and azaphilone pigments. Here, we cultured KB9 in a liquid malt medium instead of on rice as a carbon source. Eleven known compounds (-) containing azaphilones and their early intermediate were isolated and identified. However, this was the first time that angular tricyclic azaphilones, monasfluols A () and B (), acetyl-monasfluol A () and monasfluore A (), were isolated from this species. Interestingly, all isolated tricyclic azaphilones existed exclusively in enol form in CDOD, as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configuration of compounds - was also first experimentally identified based on ECD spectroscopy combined with conformational analyses using computational techniques. The assigned stereochemistry of azaphilones in this work provides essential structural information that will benefit future biological and pharmaceutical investigations.
Topics: Monascus; Solvents; Benzopyrans; Pigments, Biological
PubMed: 35142570
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2034812 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2022Monascus red pigments are widely used in the food industry, mainly as intracellular red pigments. The low yields of extracellular red pigments (ERPs) make them...
Monascus red pigments are widely used in the food industry, mainly as intracellular red pigments. The low yields of extracellular red pigments (ERPs) make them unsuitable for large-scale industrial production. Herein, a novel integrated fermentation system (IFS) consisting of sodium starch octenyl succinate and Triton X-100 was explored for increasing yield, resulting in an ERP yield of 126.7 U/mL, 82.6% higher production than controls (69.4 U/mL). Major ERP components in control fermentations were monascopyridine A and monascopyridine B, but dehydro derivatives, rubropunctamine and monascorubramine, predominated in the test fermentations, presumably due to polyketide oxidation induced by Triton X-100. Improvement of hyphal morphology, membrane permeability, respiratory activity, and gene expression for red pigment biosynthesis is likely to be critical to increase yield and change the compositions. This study provides an effective strategy to accelerate the biosynthesis and secretion of Monascus pigments.
Topics: Fermentation; Monascus; Octoxynol; Pigments, Biological; Polyketides; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 35759840
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133545 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Nov 2020Red yeast rice (RYR), produced by inoculating Monascus strains to steamed rice, contains many kinds of physiologically bioactive compounds, among which monacolin K can...
Screening and identification of Monascus strains with high-yield monacolin K and undetectable citrinin by integration of HPLC analysis and pksCT and ctnA genes amplification.
AIMS
Red yeast rice (RYR), produced by inoculating Monascus strains to steamed rice, contains many kinds of physiologically bioactive compounds, among which monacolin K can be used as an antihypercholesterolaemic agent. However, RYR can be polluted by the mycotoxin citrinin, which has nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic activities. To avoid the risk of citrinin contamination in Monascus fermented products, it is important to screen for Monascus strains that produce no or low citrinin.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Five autochthonous Monascus strains with high-yield monacolin K and undetectable citrinin were obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All five strains were identified as Monascus ruber based on Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition criteria. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that citrinin polyketide synthase (pksCT) gene was found in these strains, but transcriptional regulator (ctnA) was not found.
CONCLUSIONS
Five strains are potential strains for producing high-quality RYR. The distribution of the pksCT gene was not restricted to Monascus purpureus and Monascus sanguineus, and M. ruber strains were diverse in pksCT and ctnA genes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The integration of citrinin HPLC analysis and pksCT and ctnA genes amplification could provide a complementary approach in valuable Monascus strains screening.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrinin; Fermentation; Industrial Microbiology; Lovastatin; Monascus; Phylogeny; Polyketide Synthases; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Trans-Activators
PubMed: 32357272
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14689 -
Bioresource Technology Jan 2019A mutant Monascus purpureus strain, M183, which produced monascus pigments (MPs) at 8460 U/g via solid-state batch-fermentation, was generated using the atmospheric...
A mutant Monascus purpureus strain, M183, which produced monascus pigments (MPs) at 8460 U/g via solid-state batch-fermentation, was generated using the atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutation system. The optimal glucose concentration (80 g/L) in traditional fermentation media that yielded the highest MPs productivity was determined. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to maximize MPs production using liquid-state batch-fermentation. Under optimal conditions (0.58 g/L MgSO·7HO, 0.02 g/L ZnSO·7HO, 0.02 g/L FeSO·7HO and 4.85 g/L NHNO), 207.67 U/mL of MPs were produced with 98.12% validity based on the predicted value. Extracellular MPs production increased significantly to 35.52 U/mL, compared to 14.19 U/mL of the original strain, M. purpureus LQ-6. M. purpureus spores immobilized in sodium alginate were studied. A simultaneous fermentation and separation system was established for MPs using the novel absorption resin LX300C to enhance production efficiency of extracellular MPs.
Topics: Fermentation; Monascus; Pigments, Biological
PubMed: 30396112
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.072 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Oct 2006Monacolin K, an inhibitor for cholesterol synthesis, is the secondary metabolite of Monascus species. The formation of the secondary metabolites of the Monascus species...
Monacolin K, an inhibitor for cholesterol synthesis, is the secondary metabolite of Monascus species. The formation of the secondary metabolites of the Monascus species is affected by cultivation environment and method. This research uses sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), potato (Solanum tuberosum), casava (Manihot esculenta), and dioscorea (Dioscorea batatas) as the substrates and discusses the best substrate to produce monacolin K. The results show that Monascus purpureus NTU 301, with dioscorea as the substrate, can produce monacolin K at 2,584 mg kg(-1), which is 5.37 times to that resulted when rice is used as the substrate. In addition, more amount of yellow pigment can be found in Monascus-fermented dioscorea than in Monascus-fermented rice. The certain composition of yellow pigment is identified as monascin, which has been shown as an antiinflammation agent exhibiting potent inhibitory effects on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice in previous studies. Therefore, dioscorea is concluded to be the best substrate for Monascus species to produce the cholesterol-lowering agent-monacolin K and antiinflammation agent-monascin.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anticholesteremic Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dioscorea; Fermentation; Ipomoea batatas; Lovastatin; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Manihot; Mass Spectrometry; Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Solanum tuberosum
PubMed: 16568313
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0404-8 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Nov 2020Monascus spp. are fungi that have been applied in food production for centuries and produce a range of bioactive metabolites. The objective of this study was to...
Monascus spp. are fungi that have been applied in food production for centuries and produce a range of bioactive metabolites. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of proteolysis, lipolysis, textural and sensory properties of internal mold-ripened cheese ripened by Monascus fumeus x08. The contents of pH 4.6-soluble nitrogen, 12% trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen and 5% phosphotungstic acid-soluble nitrogen changed significantly during the ripening of the Monascus-ripened cheese. The peptides in the Monascus-ripened cheese were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. During ripening, many low-molecular-weight peptides (MW < 14400) were found to increase significantly and the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic peptides decreased to 0.81 and 0.34 in the Red-O (outer) and Red-I (interior) parts of the cheese, respectively. The content of total free fatty acids (15 acids, C4:0-C18:3) was significantly increased and the content of unsaturated fatty acids reached 47.89 mg/g fat on day 42 of ripening. The sensory attributes of the Monascus-ripened cheese was assessed using quantitative descriptive analysis. Compared with blue cheese, purchased from a local market, the odor and taste intensity of the Monascus-ripened cheese were significantly lower, while the color intensity and overall receptivity were significantly higher. M. fumeus x08 can be used as a secondary starter to make Monascus-ripened cheese and may be particularly acceptable to consumers in China.
Topics: Cheese; China; Food Handling; Lipolysis; Monascus; Proteolysis
PubMed: 33233236
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109657 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jan 2018It is generally accepted that Monascus pigments are predominantly cell-bound, including both intracellular and surface-bound pigments. This long-term misconception was...
It is generally accepted that Monascus pigments are predominantly cell-bound, including both intracellular and surface-bound pigments. This long-term misconception was corrected in the present work. Production of extracellular crystal pigments by submerged culture of Monascus sp. was confirmed by microscopic observation and collection of Monascus pigments from extracellular broth by direct membrane filtration. Following up the new fact, the bioactivity of mycelia as whole-cell biocatalyst for biosynthesis and biodegradation of Monascus pigments had been detailedly examined in both an aqueous solution and a nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution. Based on those experimental results, cell suspension culture in an aqueous medium was developed as a novel strategy for accumulation of high concentration of Monascus pigments. Thus, glucose feeding during submerged culture in the aqueous medium was carried out successfully and high orange Monascus pigments concentration of near 4 g/L was achieved.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Cell Culture Techniques; Crystallization; Culture Media; Fermentation; Glucose; Micelles; Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Surface-Active Agents; Water
PubMed: 29177624
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8646-1 -
Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine Dec 2005Extracts of Monascus purpureus have always been considered a natural source of lovastatin, the precursor of the world's largest selling class of drugs. In actual fact,... (Review)
Review
Extracts of Monascus purpureus have always been considered a natural source of lovastatin, the precursor of the world's largest selling class of drugs. In actual fact, the fungus contains many other substances (flavonoids, polyunsaturated fats, pyrrolinic compounds etc.) with a wide variety of other actions. The most recent studies have shown that it has an action on the glycemic metabolism, and on the mechanisms of adipogenesis, also an effects on the endothelium and on postprandial vasodilation. These effects are more extensive and complex than those of statins alone. And new strains of Monascus purpureus have recently been patented where the presence of statins is only one of the therapeutic components of the fungus. In particular, the increase in secondary components, such as flavonoids, which coincides with a more complex therapeutic action, probably making the new extracts of Monascus purpureus, the ideal candidate for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Aged; Coronary Disease; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Monascus; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 16417786
DOI: 10.1007/BF02835797 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Dec 2022Monascus species are the producers of Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs) and lipid-lowering component Monacolin K, which have been widely used as food colorant and...
Monascus species are the producers of Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs) and lipid-lowering component Monacolin K, which have been widely used as food colorant and health products. In this study, silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) homolog (MrSir2) was characterized, and its impacts on the development and MonAzPs production of Monascus ruber were evaluated. Enzyme activity test in vitro showed that MrSir2 was an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. Compared to WT, Δmrsir2 strain accumulated more acetylated lysine residues of histone H3 subunit during its vegetative growth phase, and it exhibited accelerated mycelial aging, more spores, increased resistance to oxidative stress, and more MonAzPs production. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis revealed that MrSir2 mainly regulated the gene expression in macromolecular metabolism such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides, as well as genes encoding cell wall synthesis and cell membrane component, indicating that MrSir2 probably facilitates the metabolic transition from the primary growth phase to the mycelial aging. Taken together, MrSir2 mainly targets H3 subunit at the vegetative growth phase and affects the development of M. ruber and MonAzPs production.
Topics: Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Benzopyrans
PubMed: 35802237
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04030-3