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3 Biotech Feb 2020Previously, the alpha amylase-encoding gene from was heterologously expressed in CICC41233 to promote starch hydrolysis and increase the production of pigments. The...
Previously, the alpha amylase-encoding gene from was heterologously expressed in CICC41233 to promote starch hydrolysis and increase the production of pigments. The target of this study is to screen the effective alpha-amylases from for starch fast degradation and investigated for pigments production. The 13 types of predicted alpha-amylases in the NRRL1597 genome were divided into four classes based on EC number and into five groups based on the glycoside hydrolase sub-family. The predicted alpha-amylases MrAMY1 (protein ID 440333) and MrAMY2 (protein ID 324551) showed the closest match with AOamyA by phylogenetic analysis. The genes encoding alpha-amylase, and were cloned from CICC41233. However, the gene sequence of from CICC41233 differed from that of NRRL1597 in the length of the intron sequence. Furthermore, the overexpressed strain 440333-6A completely degraded the starch of rice grain in 2 d; in contrast, starch (40.32 mg/mL) remained when rice grain was incubated with the overexpressed strain, 324551-D even after 2 d, while 45.43 mg/mL and 10.48 mg/mL starch remained after 2 d and 6 d, respectively, in wild type CICC41233. Compared to that of CICC41233, the total pigments and ethanol-soluble pigments in 440333-6A increased by 71.69% and 119.33% after 6d, respectively; however, it decreased by 21.40%and 26.58% after 6d, respectively, in 324551-D. This study demonstrated that alpha-amylase MrAMY1 was superior to MrAMY2, as it effectively degraded the starch of rice grain and enhanced pigments production.
PubMed: 31988839
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-2026-8 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Oct 2021Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is rich in a variety of biologically active ingredients, which shows good effect in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Monascus has...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is rich in a variety of biologically active ingredients, which shows good effect in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Monascus has lipid-lowering activity and one of its metabolites, lovastatin, is widely used in clinical practice.
AIM OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of fermented Panax ginseng by Monascus ruber (PM) on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in rats fed a high-fat diet.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SPF Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, the therapeutic effect of PM on HFD-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and disordered gut microbiota were determined in rats.
RESULTS
PM could attenuate features of obesity in rats, decrease serum TC, LDL-C and IgA levels, increase excretion of bile acids in feces. Hepatic histopathologic analysis revealed that PM decrease lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Consistently, mRNA expression levels of cholesterol metabolism-related genes were regulated in the livers of HFD-fed rats administered with PM. In addition, PM could enhance the diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota, reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, increase significantly the relative abundance of Prevotella_9, and decrease these of Muribaculaceae.
CONCLUSIONS
PM could regulate lipid metabolism and the structure of the gut microbiota in the HFD rats. Our findings provide valuable experience for the development of ginseng. PM could be a potentially effective strategy to prevent and treat metabolic diseases and alleviate the gut microbiota disturbance caused by it.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Diet, High-Fat; Epithelial Cells; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Monascus; Panax; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
PubMed: 34098018
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114300 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021The effects of a static magnetic field (SMF) on M7 ( M7) cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates under SMF treatment at different intensities (5, 10, and 30 mT)...
The effects of a static magnetic field (SMF) on M7 ( M7) cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates under SMF treatment at different intensities (5, 10, and 30 mT) were investigated in this paper. The results revealed that, compared with the control (CK, no SMF treatment), the SMF at all tested intensities did not significantly influence the morphological characteristics of M7, while the intracellular and extracellular pigments (MPs) and extracellular citrinin (CIT) of M7 were increased at 10 and 30 mT SMF but there was no impact on the MPs and CIT at 5 mT SMF. The transcriptome data of M7 cultured at 30 mT SMF on PDA for 3 and 7 d showed that the SMF could increase the transcriptional levels of some relative genes with the primary metabolism, including the carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism, especially in the early growing period (3 d). SMF could also affect the transcriptional levels of the related genes to the biosynthetic pathways of MPs, CIT, and ergosterol, and improve the transcription of the relative genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway of M7. These findings provide insights into a comprehensive understanding of the effects of SMF on filamentous fungi.
PubMed: 33808107
DOI: 10.3390/jof7040256 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Dec 2022Monascus species are the producers of Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs) and lipid-lowering component Monacolin K, which have been widely used as food colorant and...
Monascus species are the producers of Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs) and lipid-lowering component Monacolin K, which have been widely used as food colorant and health products. In this study, silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) homolog (MrSir2) was characterized, and its impacts on the development and MonAzPs production of Monascus ruber were evaluated. Enzyme activity test in vitro showed that MrSir2 was an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. Compared to WT, Δmrsir2 strain accumulated more acetylated lysine residues of histone H3 subunit during its vegetative growth phase, and it exhibited accelerated mycelial aging, more spores, increased resistance to oxidative stress, and more MonAzPs production. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis revealed that MrSir2 mainly regulated the gene expression in macromolecular metabolism such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides, as well as genes encoding cell wall synthesis and cell membrane component, indicating that MrSir2 probably facilitates the metabolic transition from the primary growth phase to the mycelial aging. Taken together, MrSir2 mainly targets H3 subunit at the vegetative growth phase and affects the development of M. ruber and MonAzPs production.
Topics: Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Benzopyrans
PubMed: 35802237
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04030-3 -
Journal of Medicinal Food Apr 2017Although various treatments have been used for weight loss to date, obese people rarely have safe and effective treatment options. Therefore, the antiobesity effects of...
Although various treatments have been used for weight loss to date, obese people rarely have safe and effective treatment options. Therefore, the antiobesity effects of several natural compounds are being actively investigated. This study was conducted to investigate the antiadipogenic effects of Monascus ruber-fermented Fagopyrum esculentum (red yeast buckwheat, RYB) in 3T3-L1 cells. We assessed the intracellular lipid content and adipocyte differentiation by oil red O staining and the expression of genes and proteins associated with adipocyte differentiation by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting in 3T3-L1 cells. RYB dose dependently inhibited 3T3-L1 cell differentiation at concentrations of 50-800 μg/mL, without cytotoxic effects. It also suppressed the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, and adipocyte-specific genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), fatty acid synthase, and leptin, during preadipocyte differentiation into adipocytes. Furthermore, RYB reduced cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and cyclin expression and increased p21 and p27 expression, thus causing cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase. Collectively, these results suggest that RYB may be an effective nutraceutical for weight loss as indicated by its ability to suppress adipogenesis-specific gene expression and cause cell cycle arrest at the G1/S interphase.
Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Cell Differentiation; Eriogonum; Fatty Acid Synthases; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Fermentation; Gene Expression; Leptin; Lipids; Mice; Monascus; Obesity; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 28332893
DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3761 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022spp. are traditional medicinal and edible filamentous fungi in China, and can produce various secondary metabolites, such as pigments (MPs) and citrinin (CIT). Genetic...
spp. are traditional medicinal and edible filamentous fungi in China, and can produce various secondary metabolites, such as pigments (MPs) and citrinin (CIT). Genetic modification methods, such as gene knock-out, complementation, and overexpression, have been used extensively to investigate the function of related genes in spp.. However, the resistance selection genes that can have been used for genetic modification in spp. are limited, and the gene replacement frequency (GRF) is usually <5%. Therefore, we are committed to construct a highly efficient gene editing system without resistance selection marker gene. In this study, using M7 as the starting strain, we successfully constructed a so-called markerlessly and highly genetic modification system including the mutants ΔΔ and ΔΔ::, in which we used the endogenous gene from M7 instead of the resistance marker gene as the screening marker, and simultaneously deleted related to non-homologous end joining in M7. Then, the morphology, the growth rate, the production of MPs and CIT of the mutants were analyzed. And the results show that the mutant strains have normal mycelia, cleistothecia and conidia on PDA+Uridine(U) plate, the biomass of each mutant is also no different from M7. However, the U addition also has a certain effect on the orange and red pigments yield of M7, which needs our further study. Finally, we applied the system to delete multiple genes from M7 separately or continuously without any resistance marker gene, and found that the average GRF of ΔΔ was about 18 times of that of M7. The markerlessly and highly genetic modification system constructed in current study not only will be used for multi-gene simultaneous modification in spp., and also lays a foundation for investigating the effects of multi-genes modification on spp..
PubMed: 35979480
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952323 -
Journal of Food and Drug Analysis Mar 2023Red mold rice (RMR) is a traditional Chinese medicine prepared using Monascus fermentation. Monascus ruber ( pilosus) and Monascus purpureus have a long history of use...
Red mold rice (RMR) is a traditional Chinese medicine prepared using Monascus fermentation. Monascus ruber ( pilosus) and Monascus purpureus have a long history of use as food and medicine. As an economically important starter culture, the relationship between the taxonomy of Monascus and production capabilities of secondary metabolites is crucial for the Monascus food industry. In this study, monacolin K, monascin, ankaflavin, and citrinin production by M. purpureus and M. ruber were genomically and chemically investigated. Our findings suggest that M. purpureus can produce monascin and ankaflavin in a correlated manner, whereas M. ruber produces monascin with minimum ankaflavin. M. purpureus is capable of producing citrinin; however, it is unlikely able to produce monacolin K. In contrast, M. ruber produces monacolin K, but not citrinin. We suggest that the current monacolin K content-related regulation of Monascus food should be revised, and labeling of Monascus species should be considered.
Topics: Monascus; Fermentation; Lovastatin; Oryza
PubMed: 37224553
DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3438 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Jan 2024In China, certain strains are traditionally used as edible fungi. We sequenced the genome of FM39-7 strain, an isolate from fermented rice. The genome is 25.89 Mb with...
In China, certain strains are traditionally used as edible fungi. We sequenced the genome of FM39-7 strain, an isolate from fermented rice. The genome is 25.89 Mb with a G + C content of 48.86%, containing 8485 annotated genes.
PubMed: 38099680
DOI: 10.1128/mra.00805-23 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2022A number of biopigment applications in various industrial sectors are gaining importance due to the growing consumer interest in their natural origin. Thus, this work...
A number of biopigment applications in various industrial sectors are gaining importance due to the growing consumer interest in their natural origin. Thus, this work was conducted to valorize endophytic fungi as an efficient production platform for natural pigments. A promising strain isolated from leaves of Origanum majorana was identified as Monascus ruber SRZ112 produced several types of pigments. The nature of the pigments, mainly rubropunctamine, monascin, ankaflavin, rubropunctatin, and monascorubrin in the fungal extract was studied by LC/ESI-MS/MS analyses. As a first step towards developing an efficient production of red pigments, the suitability of seven types of agro-industrial waste was evaluated. The highest yield of red pigments was obtained using potato peel moistened with mineral salt broth as a culture medium. To increase yield of red pigments, favourable culture conditions including incubation temperature, incubation period, pH of moistening agent, inoculum concentration, substrate weight and moisture level were evaluated. Additionally, yield of red pigments was intensified after the exposure of M. ruber SRZ112 spores to 1.00 KGy gamma rays. The final yield was improved by a 22.12-fold increase from 23.55 to 3351.87 AU g. The anticancer and antioxidant properties of the pigment's extract from the fungal culture were also studied. The obtained data indicated activity of the extract against human breast cancer cell lines with no significant cytotoxicity against normal cell lines. The extract also showed a free radical scavenging potential. This is the first report, to our knowledge, on the isolation of the endophytic M. ruber SRZ112 strain with the successful production of natural pigments under solid-state fermentation using potato peel as a substrate.
Topics: Endophytes; Fermentation; Humans; Industrial Waste; Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Plant Extracts; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 35871189
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16269-1 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... May 2023Monascus pigments have various food industry applications and are pharmacologically active. Genome sequencing-based clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic...
Monascus pigments have various food industry applications and are pharmacologically active. Genome sequencing-based clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology has been implemented to increase pigment production in Monascus. To increase pigment production in M. ruber KACC46666, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to introduce mutations in two negative regulator genes (MpigI and MpigI'), among other genes involved in the Monascus pigment biosynthesis pathway. Dual single-guide RNAs were constructed to inactivate MpigI and MpigI'. After CRISPR/Cas9 inactivation, yellow, orange, and red pigment expression in the resulting △MpigI16-7 strain (among several Cas9-mediated mutants studied) was 2.5-, 12.4-, and 18.5-fold, respectively, higher than that in the wild-type strain. This study provides valuable information regarding CRISPR-guided metabolic engineering for natural colorant production.
Topics: Food Coloring Agents; Monascus; Base Sequence
PubMed: 37087240
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112651