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Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2022The current outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) infection has emerged as a global matter of concern in the last few months. MPX is a zoonosis caused by the MPX virus (MPXV),... (Review)
Review
The current outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) infection has emerged as a global matter of concern in the last few months. MPX is a zoonosis caused by the MPX virus (MPXV), which is one of the species. Thus, it is similar to smallpox caused by the variola virus, and smallpox vaccines and drugs have been shown to be protective against MPX. Although MPX is not a new disease and is rarely fatal, the current multi-country MPX outbreak is unusual because it is occurring in countries that are not endemic for MPXV. In this work, we reviewed the extensive literature available on MPXV to summarize the available data on the major biological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of the virus and the important scientific findings. This review may be helpful in raising awareness of MPXV transmission, symptoms and signs, prevention and protective measures. It may also be of interest as a basis for performance of studies to further understand MPXV, with the goal of combating the current outbreak and boosting healthcare services and hygiene practices. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02977715.. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03745131.. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00728689.. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02080767..
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Monkeypox virus
PubMed: 36263798
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2132882 -
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2022Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus which is a DNA virus. The virus is transmitted to humans as a result of close contact with infected... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus which is a DNA virus. The virus is transmitted to humans as a result of close contact with infected animals, infected humans or contaminated inanimate objects. The disease has a incubation period usually 7-14 days and it causes fever, headache, fatigue, myalgia, widespread body aches, swelling in lymph nodes and skin lesions. It may be difficult to distinguish monkeypox on the basis of clinical presentation alone, especially for cases with an atypical appearance, because of the various conditions that cause skin rashes. Testing should be offered to anyone who falls under the suspected case definition for monkeypox infection. Suitable samples are surface lesion and/or skin materials such as exudates swabs and crusts. Laboratory confirmation of specimens from suspected case is done using nucleic acid amplification testing, such as real-time or conventional polymerase chain reaction. Confirmation of MPXV infection should consider clinical and epidemiological information. Positive detection using an OPXV PCR assay followed by confirmation of MPXV via PCR and/or sequencing, or positive detection using MPXV PCR assay in suspected cases indicates confirmation of MPXV infection. Genetic sequence data (GSD) provide information on the origin and epidemic and characteristics of cases. There is a need to develop a more global and effective laboratory network for this emerging zoonosis, as well as to strengthen laboratory capacity, and international specimens referral capacities.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
PubMed: 36109000
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102459 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Dec 2022Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, presenting with fever, lymphadenopathy and vesicular-pustular skin lesions, that historically has rarely been reported outside the... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, presenting with fever, lymphadenopathy and vesicular-pustular skin lesions, that historically has rarely been reported outside the endemic regions of Central and West Africa. It was previously thought that human-to-human transmission was too low to sustain spread. During 2022, the number of cases of monkeypox, caused by clade II, rose rapidly globally, predominantly among men who have sex with men. In previous outbreaks with monkeypox clade 1 in endemic areas, children were disproportionately more affected with higher morbidity and mortality. It is unclear whether children are at similarly higher risk from monkeypox clade II. Nonetheless, children and pregnant women are considered high-risk groups and antiviral treatment should be considered for those affected. While smallpox vaccination offers good protection against monkeypox, the duration of protection is unknown, and infection occurs in vaccinated individuals. Should the current outbreak spread to children, authorities should be prepared to rapidly implement vaccination for children. In this review, we summarize epidemiological and clinical features, as well as the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention options for monkeypox with a focus on considerations for children.
Topics: Child; Male; Animals; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Mpox (monkeypox); Homosexuality, Male; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Zoonoses; Pediatricians
PubMed: 36322796
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003720 -
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Aug 2022
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 35920152
DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16121 -
Virologica Sinica Aug 2022Human monkeypox (MPX) is a rare zoonotic infection characterized by smallpox-like signs and symptoms. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double stranded DNA virus... (Review)
Review
Human monkeypox (MPX) is a rare zoonotic infection characterized by smallpox-like signs and symptoms. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus. MPX was first identified in 1970 and mostly prevailed in the rural rainforests of Central and West Africa in the past. Outside Africa, MPX was reported in the United Kingdom, the USA, Israel, and Singapore. In 2022, the resurgence of MPX in Europe and elsewhere posed a potential threat to humans. MPXV was transmitted by the animals-human or human-human pathway, and the symptoms of MPXV infection are similar to that of smallpox, but in a milder form and with lower mortality (1%-10%). Although the smallpox vaccination has been shown to provide 85% protection against MPXV infection, and two anti-smallpox virus drugs have been approved to treat MPXV, there are still no specific vaccines and drugs against MPXV infection. Therefore it is urgent to take active measures including the adoption of novel anti-MPXV strategies to control the spread of MPXV and prevent MPX epidemic. In this review, we summarize the biological features, epidemiology, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention and treatment strategies on MPXV. This review provides the basic knowledge for prevention and control of future outbreaks of this emerging infection.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Europe; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus
PubMed: 35820590
DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.006 -
World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP Mar 2023The objective of this paper is to analyze the current status of monkeypox worldwide. In the face of this public health threat, our purpose is to elucidate the clinical... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The objective of this paper is to analyze the current status of monkeypox worldwide. In the face of this public health threat, our purpose is to elucidate the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of monkeypox, the developmental progress of monkeypox-related drugs and the vaccines available.
DATA SOURCES
The literature review was performed in databases including PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar up to July 2022.
RESULTS
Since May 2022, the World Health Organization has reported more than 45,000 confirmed cases from 92 nonendemic countries, including nine deaths. Although some women and children have been infected so far, most cases have occurred among men who have sex with other men, especially those with multiple sexual partners or anonymous sex.
CONCLUSIONS
Pediatric monkeypox infection has been associated with a higher likelihood of severe illness and mortality than in adults. Severe monkeypox illness in pediatrics often requires adjunctive antiviral therapy. It is crucial for all countries to establish sound monitoring and testing systems and be prepared with emergency preparedness.
Topics: Adult; Male; Female; Humans; Child; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Databases, Factual; Public Health; World Health Organization
PubMed: 36214966
DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00618-1 -
Medicina Clinica Apr 2023The monkeypox virus is a virus that has 90% genomic homology with the human (smallpox), but it is naturally transmitted between different wild animal reservoirs and is... (Review)
Review
The monkeypox virus is a virus that has 90% genomic homology with the human (smallpox), but it is naturally transmitted between different wild animal reservoirs and is considered a zoonosis. Throughout the 20th century, different vaccines based on the vaccinia poxvirus were developed and used for vaccination against smallpox. After the eradication of smallpox, these vaccines were no longer used. Current vaccines against monkeypox virus are classified by the WHO as replicative (ACAM2000), minimally replicative (LC16m8) and non-replicative (MVA-BN), the latter being the one currently used. The 2022 extra-African monkeypox virus epidemic has highlighted the lack of vaccines with proven efficacy and low reactogenicity. It is considered that the use of this vaccine in the current outbreak may play a role in the prevention or attenuation of the disease as pre-exposure prophylaxis in close contacts of confirmed cases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Vaccinia virus; Monkeypox virus; Vaccination
PubMed: 36775782
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.01.001 -
Epidemiology and Health 2022Monkeypox, a rare zoonotic disease, is primarily prevalent in Central and Western Africa. However, monkeypox is emerging as a worldwide concern due to the 2022 monkeypox... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox, a rare zoonotic disease, is primarily prevalent in Central and Western Africa. However, monkeypox is emerging as a worldwide concern due to the 2022 monkeypox outbreak, which is the first instance of widespread community transmission outside Africa. Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus and presents as a vesicular-pustular disease that may be preceded by fever, malaise, and other constitutional symptoms. If present, lymphadenopathy may distinguish it from chickenpox or smallpox. However, contrary to previous manifestations, most monkeypox patients presented with atypical features during the 2022 outbreak. Monkeypox is usually a self-limiting disease with symptoms lasting between 2 weeks and 4 weeks and is mainly transmitted when a person comes into contact with an infected animal, person, or fomites contaminated with the virus. Very few treatment options are available for this disease. Tecovirimat has been licensed in some countries for the treatment of smallpox and monkeypox infections. Two other medications, cidofovir and brincidofovir, have been found to be effective against poxviruses in in vitro and animal studies, but data on human cases of monkeypox are limited. Although Imvamune (JYNNEOS), a vaccine against monkeypox, is authorized in the United States, there are currently no established routine vaccination programs. Current preventive strategies focus on the detection of probable cases and containment of the outbreak through the implementation of selected ring vaccination programs. Fundamental principles to prevent the spread of monkeypox, including maintaining personal hygiene and avoiding close contact with symptomatic patients, are of paramount importance.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Monkeypox virus; Cidofovir; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36228673
DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2022082 -
Nursing Dec 2022In May 2022, a global outbreak of monkeypox was identified in Europe and North America in individuals most of whom had no history of travel from monkeypox-endemic... (Review)
Review
In May 2022, a global outbreak of monkeypox was identified in Europe and North America in individuals most of whom had no history of travel from monkeypox-endemic countries. This article provides an overview of monkeypox disease prevention guidance and treatment options available.
Topics: Humans; Disease Outbreaks; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Travel
PubMed: 36394619
DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000891948.41298.22 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022The global vaccination programme against smallpox led to its successful eradication and averted millions of deaths. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a close relative of the... (Review)
Review
The global vaccination programme against smallpox led to its successful eradication and averted millions of deaths. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a close relative of the Variola (smallpox) virus. Due to antigenic similarity, smallpox vaccines cross-protect against MPXV. However, over 70% of people living today were never vaccinated against smallpox. Symptoms of monkeypox (MPX) include fever, head- and muscle ache, lymphadenopathy and a characteristic rash that develops into papules, vesicles and pustules which eventually scab over and heal. MPX is less often fatal (case fatality rates range from <1% to up to 11%) than smallpox (up to 30%). MPXV is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, infecting wild animals and causing zoonotic outbreaks. Exotic animal trade and international travel, combined with the increasing susceptibility of the human population due to halted vaccination, facilitated the spread of MPXV to new areas. The ongoing outbreak, with >10,000 cases in >50 countries between May and July 2022, shows that MPXV can significantly spread between people and may thus become a serious threat to public health with global consequences. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about this re-emerging virus, discuss available strategies to limit its spread and pathogenicity and evaluate its risk to the human population.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Smallpox
PubMed: 35887214
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147866