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Glycobiology Dec 2021A distinctive feature of glycans vis-à-vis proteins and nucleic acids is its structural complexity, which arises from the huge repertoire of monosaccharides, isomeric...
A distinctive feature of glycans vis-à-vis proteins and nucleic acids is its structural complexity, which arises from the huge repertoire of monosaccharides, isomeric linkages and branching. A very large number of monosaccharides have so far been discovered in natural glycans. Experimentally, pathways for the biosynthesis have been characterized completely for 55 monosaccharides and partially for a few more. However, there is no single platform, which provides information about monosaccharide biosynthesis pathways and associated enzymes We have gathered 572 experimentally characterized enzymes of 66 biosynthesis pathways from literature and set up a first of its kind database called the Monosaccharide Biosynthesis Pathways Database http://www.bio.iitb.ac.in/mbpd/). Annotations such as the reaction catalyzed, substrate specificity, biosynthesis pathway and PubMed IDs are provided for all the enzymes in the database. Sequence homologs of the experimentally characterized enzymes found in nearly 13,000 completely sequenced genomes from Bacteria and Archaea have also been included in the database. This platform will help in the deduction of evolutionary relationships among enzymes such as aminotransferases, nucleotidyltransferases, acetyltransferases and SDR family enzymes. It can also facilitate experimental studies such as direct enzyme assays to validate putative annotations, establish structure-function relationship, expression profiling to determine the function, determine the phenotypic consequences of gene knock-out/knock-in and complementation studies.
Topics: Archaea; Bacteria; Databases, Factual; Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 33909069
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab030 -
Effect of monosaccharide composition and proportion on the bioactivity of polysaccharides: A review.International Journal of Biological... Jan 2024Polysaccharides have been widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries due to their diverse bioactivity, high safety, and few or no side effects. However, inability... (Review)
Review
Polysaccharides have been widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries due to their diverse bioactivity, high safety, and few or no side effects. However, inability to quickly produce, screen, and synthesize bioactive polysaccharides is the limiting factor for their development and application. Structural features determine and influence the bioactivity of polysaccharides. Among them, monosaccharide is the basic unit of polysaccharide, which not only affects electrification, functional group, and bioactivity of polysaccharide but also is one of the simplest polysaccharide indexes to be detected. At present, effects of monosaccharide composition and proportion on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and prebiotic activities of polysaccharides are reviewed. Further problems need to be considered during regulation and analysis of monosaccharide composition and proportion of polysaccharides. Overall, present work will provide help and reference for production, development, and structure-function investigation of polysaccharides based on their monosaccharide.
Topics: Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Antioxidants
PubMed: 37944714
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127955 -
Electrophoresis Oct 2022Saccharides form one of the major constituents of biological macromolecules in living organisms. Many biological processes including protein folding, stability, immune...
Saccharides form one of the major constituents of biological macromolecules in living organisms. Many biological processes including protein folding, stability, immune response and receptor activation are regulated by glycosylation. In this work, we optimized a capillary electrophoresis method with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for the separation of eight monosaccharides commonly found in glycoproteins, namely D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and D-xylose. A highly alkaline solution of 50 mM sodium hydroxide, 22.5 mM disodium phosphate, and 0.2 mM CTAB (pH 12.4) was used as a background electrolyte in a 10 µm id capillary. To achieve baseline separation of all analytes, a counter-directional pressure of -270 kPa was applied during the separation. The limits of detection of our method were below 7 µg/ml (i.e., 1.5 pg or 1 mg/g protein) and the limits of quantification were below 22 µg/ml (i.e., 5 pg or 3 mg/g protein). As a proof of concept of our methodology, we performed an analysis of monosaccharides released from fetuin glycoprotein by acid hydrolysis. The results show that, when combined with an appropriate pre-concentration technique, the developed method can be used as a monosaccharide profiling tool in glycoproteomics and complement the routinely used LC-MS/MS analysis.
Topics: Acetylgalactosamine; Acetylglucosamine; Cetrimonium; Chromatography, Liquid; Electrolytes; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Fetuins; Fucose; Galactose; Glucose; Glycoproteins; Mannose; Monosaccharides; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Phosphates; Sodium Hydroxide; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Xylose
PubMed: 35961667
DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200033 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2000
Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Monosaccharides; Mucins
PubMed: 10820758
DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-048-9:159 -
Science China. Life Sciences Jul 2019
Review
Topics: Campylobacter jejuni; Escherichia coli; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Humans; Molecular Structure; Monosaccharides; Optical Imaging
PubMed: 31098892
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9529-3 -
Natural Product Reports Nov 2010
Review
Topics: Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Lipopolysaccharides; Models, Molecular; Monosaccharides; Sugar Acids
PubMed: 20877901
DOI: 10.1039/c004750n -
Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Oct 1998
Review
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Esters; Glucose; Hydrolysis; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Monosaccharides; Rats; Research
PubMed: 9787105
DOI: 10.1006/mgme.1998.2743 -
Carbohydrate Research Jul 2024The physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides depend on their structures. Monosaccharide composition analysis is indispensable for the...
The physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides depend on their structures. Monosaccharide composition analysis is indispensable for the structural characterization of polysaccharides and is helpful in the quality control of polysaccharide preparation. Here, using a model mixture and tamarind seed polysaccharide as examples, we demonstrated that a quantitative 2D NMR method, gsHSQC (three gradient-selective Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence spectra acquired with incremented repetition times, i = 1, 2, 3) can directly quantify a variety of monosaccharides in solution with adequate precision and accuracy, requiring no derivatization, postprocessing steps and column separation. Both anomeric and non-anomeric signals of monosaccharides can be utilized for content determination. More accurate quantification of fructose in a mixture containing nine monosaccharides is obtained, which is difficult to achieve by quantitative 1D HNMR and the common PMP-HPLC method (high-performance liquid chromatography through pre-column derivatization with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone) due to the peak overlapping and the poor derivatization efficiency, respectively. The results also revealed that Na[Fe(EDTA)] can serve as a proper relaxation-enhancing agent for saccharide samples to save experimental time. We expect that this approach can be applied as an alternative to analyzing the monosaccharide composition and be helpful in interpreting the structure of polysaccharides.
Topics: Monosaccharides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 38833821
DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109168 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Oct 2019Monosaccharides are important components of the diet, where the sweetness of these common sugars draw animals to eat the tissue within which they are located -... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Monosaccharides are important components of the diet, where the sweetness of these common sugars draw animals to eat the tissue within which they are located - especially fruits. Higher (larger) saccharides, within which they are constituents, are ubiquitous throughout nature too - and include disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. These may be converted (hydrolysed) to monosaccharides by the plant tissue enzymes during ripening and stimulate consumption by a predator (whereupon seeds within the fruit are dispersed). Predators may have relevant enzymes in their digestive tract to effect conversion of the larger carbohydrates to its monosaccharides - which are then absorbed from the gut and like free monosaccharides in fruit/vegetables, provide an energy source. Starch is an important source of glucose. This review (on monosaccharides) is part one of a series of three which aim to link the role of carbohydrates in food through processing to health and disease related issues. The emphasis here is to understand the role of the three key monosaccharides from the diet - fructose, galactose and glucose - with perspectives in health and disease.
METHODS
The review was based on a review of relevant databases for material (e.g. Pubmed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Wiley online library etc.).
RESULTS
Data pertaining to the nutritional role of key dietary monosaccharides were evaluated together with their utilisation and role in health and disease. Disease states and their management in the context of monosaccharide consumption were considered.
CONCLUSIONS
The body is designed to utilise carbohydrates - where a physiological balance of ingestion, storage and utilisation is critical. In disease states, the balance is lost and a number of carbohydrate based metabolic disorders are established within the medical community. Overall, this review considers digestive and metabolic issues associated with free monosaccharides commonly consumed in the human diet. Further reviews will focus on common di-, oligo and polysaccharides relevant to digestive energy and overall health.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Disaccharides; Disease; Fructose; Galactose; Glucose; Health; Humans; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Starch
PubMed: 31451258
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.07.004 -
Food Chemistry Dec 2023Glycation offers a promising potential to improve protein gelling properties in food industries. Therefore, the study was aimed to illustrate the effect of five...
Glycation offers a promising potential to improve protein gelling properties in food industries. Therefore, the study was aimed to illustrate the effect of five monosaccharides (erythrose-aldotetrose, xylose-aldopentose, glucose-aldohexose, galactose-aldohexose, and fructose-ketohexose) with different carbon numbers and structure on the structure-gelling relationship of myofibrillar protein (MP) from oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Results showed that monosaccharides significantly increased the glycation degree of MP by increasing sulfhydryl content, forming stable tertiary conformation and decreasing surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, the gel properties of MP like gel strength, water holding capacity, water mobility were improved by alleviating aggregation including the increase of solubility and the decrease of particle sizes. Oyster MP glycated by glucose (aldohexose) possessed the optimal gel properties. Molecular docking simulation showed that hydrogen bonds and hydrocarbon bonds were the mainly non-covalent binding modes. The study will provide a theoretical basis for oyster protein glycation and expand its application on food gel.
Topics: Animals; Muscle Proteins; Maillard Reaction; Monosaccharides; Crassostrea; Molecular Docking Simulation; Gels; Glucose; Water
PubMed: 37450954
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136795