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L'Encephale Sep 2011
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Affect; Age Factors; Bipolar Disorder; Child; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnosis, Differential; France; Humans; Personality Assessment; Temperament
PubMed: 22108180
DOI: 10.1016/S0013-7006(11)70025-2 -
Mathematical Biosciences and... Feb 2022Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine are monoamine neurotransmitters that modulate our mood state. Hence, imbalances in the levels of these neurotransmitters have been...
Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine are monoamine neurotransmitters that modulate our mood state. Hence, imbalances in the levels of these neurotransmitters have been linked to the incidence of several psychiatric disorders. Here, a mathematical model written in terms of ordinary differential equations is proposed to represent the interaction of these three neurotransmitters. It is analytically and numerically shown that this model can experience a Hopf bifurcation. Thus, by varying a parameter value, the neurotransmitter levels can change from a steady state to an oscillatory behavior, which may be at least a partial explanation of the mood swings observed in depressed people.
Topics: Dopamine; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Neurotransmitter Agents; Serotonin; Systems Analysis
PubMed: 35341287
DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022187 -
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine Dec 2021Bat swing and grip type may contribute to hook of hamate fractures in baseball players.
BACKGROUND
Bat swing and grip type may contribute to hook of hamate fractures in baseball players.
PURPOSE
To compare the effects of swing type and batting grip on the pressure and rate of pressure development over the hook of hamate in collegiate baseball players.
STUDY DESIGN
Descriptive laboratory study. Level of evidence, 3.
METHODS
This was an experimental quasi-randomized study of bat grip and swing differences in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball players (N = 14; age, 19.6 ± 1.1 years [mean ± SD]). All participants performed swings under 6 combinations: 3 grip types (all fingers on the bat shaft [AO], one finger off the bat shaft [OF], and choked up [CU]) and 2 swing types (full swing and check swing). Peak pressure and rate of pressure generation over the area of the hamate were assessed using a pressure sensor fitted to the palm of the bare hand over the area of the hamate. Wrist angular velocities and excursions of radial ulnar deviation were obtained using 3-dimensional motion analysis.
RESULTS
The OF-check swing combination produced the highest peak pressure over the hamate (3.72 ± 2.64 kg/cm) versus the AO-full swing (1.36 ± 0.73 kg/cm), OF-full swing (1.68 ± 1.17 kg/cm), and CU-full swing (1.18 ± 0.96 kg/cm; < .05 for all). There was a significant effect of condition on rate of pressure development across the 6 conditions ( = .023). Maximal wrist angular velocities were 44% lower in all check swing conditions than corresponding full swing conditions ( < .0001). The time to achieve the maximal wrist angular velocity was longest with the AO-full swing and shortest with the CU-check swing (100.1% vs 7.9% of swing cycle; = .014).
CONCLUSION
The OF-check swing condition produced the highest total pressure reading on the hook of hamate. Check swing conditions also had the steepest rate of pressure development as compared with the full swing conditions.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Batters who frequently check their swings and use an OF or AO grip may benefit from bat modifications or grip adjustment to reduce stresses over the hamate. Athletic trainers and team physicians should be aware of these factors to counsel players in the context of previous or ongoing hand injury.
PubMed: 34926710
DOI: 10.1177/23259671211060807 -
Climacteric : the Journal of the... Jun 2023The sex steroid hormone estrogen plays a number of regulatory roles in female development. During menopause, estrogen synthesis in the ovaries decreases, which results... (Review)
Review
The sex steroid hormone estrogen plays a number of regulatory roles in female development. During menopause, estrogen synthesis in the ovaries decreases, which results in adverse physiological remodeling and increased risk of disease. Reduced bone density, changes in the community composition profiles of the gut and vaginal microbiome, mood swings and changes in the vaginal environment are to be expected during this time. To alleviate these changes, postmenopausal women can be prescribed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) through the use of exogenous estradiol, often in conjunction with progestin treatment, which re-induces estrogenic action throughout the body. The microbiome and estrogen have a bidirectional, regulatory relationship in the gut, while in the vaginal environment estrogen works indirectly on the microbiome through restoring the vaginal tissue environment that leads to microbial homeostasis. This review discusses what is known about how the gut and vaginal microbiomes of postmenopausal women are responding to HRT, and the potential future of microbe-based therapeutics for symptoms of menopause.
Topics: Female; Humans; Postmenopause; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Menopause; Estrogens; Microbiota; Estrogen Replacement Therapy
PubMed: 37051868
DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2173568 -
General Hospital Psychiatry 2005
Topics: Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Mood Disorders
PubMed: 16271661
DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.05.008 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2019The worldwide prevalence of sleep disorders is approximately 50%, with an even higher occurrence in a psychiatric population. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental... (Review)
Review
The worldwide prevalence of sleep disorders is approximately 50%, with an even higher occurrence in a psychiatric population. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness characterized by shifts in mood and activity. The BD syndrome also involves heterogeneous symptomatology, including cognitive dysfunctions and impairments of the autonomic nervous system. Sleep abnormalities are frequently associated with BD and are often a good predictor of a mood swing. Preservation of stable sleep-wake cycles is therefore a key to the maintenance of stability in BD, indicating the crucial role of circadian rhythms in this syndrome. The symptom most widespread in BD is insomnia, followed by excessive daytime sleepiness, nightmares, difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep, poor sleep quality, sleep talking, sleep walking, and obstructive sleep apnea. Alterations in the structure or duration of sleep are reported in all phases of BD. Understanding the role of neuroglia in BD and in various aspects of sleep is in nascent state. Contributions of the different types of glial cells to BD and sleep abnormalities are discussed in this paper.
PubMed: 31379620
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00501 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... May 1987Mood changes during the premenstrual phase have been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Although there has been significant progress in the diagnosis... (Review)
Review
Mood changes during the premenstrual phase have been the focus of considerable research in recent years. Although there has been significant progress in the diagnosis and etiology of major affective disorders, the relation between these disorders and menstrual changes remains controversial. There have been contradictory reports and speculations on women's susceptibility to psychiatric disorders during the premenstrual phase. We describe three patients with a history of mood swings associated with menstruation in whom major affective disorders developed, necessitating intensive psychiatric treatment or admission to hospital. Among women who manifest menstrual mood changes, manic-depressive illness may develop only in a subgroup with genetic predisposition. In such cases the possibility of postpartum mania or depression should be kept in mind in follow-up.
Topics: Adult; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Mood Disorders; Premenstrual Syndrome; Progesterone
PubMed: 3552171
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology Dec 2020Science and medicine aim to identify verifiable and replicable truths. However, the paths to such truths are frequently characterized by swinging pendulums of opposing... (Review)
Review
Science and medicine aim to identify verifiable and replicable truths. However, the paths to such truths are frequently characterized by swinging pendulums of opposing perspectives. This is especially so in human neuroscience and the brain-based clinical sciences, where the target of investigation is the most complex of all biological systems. This article overviews a set of interrelated neuroscientific and clinical hypotheses, models, experiments, and predictions with which I have been involved for the last two decades. Traversing visual neuroscience, consciousness science, genetics, chronobiology, and biological and clinical psychiatry, the work illustrates how developments in science and medicine can occur through a combination of synthesis, serendipity, and experimentation. The article also reflects on doing science with the inimitable John "Jack" Pettigrew, and outlines how Pettigrew and I conceived, proposed, tested, and developed two new scientific models-one on neural mechanisms of binocular rivalry, the other on the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. I also provide an update on various aspects of our models and data, and describe lessons learned from Pettigrew on how perspectives in science exhibit their own fluctuations, ironically like the very phenomena on which we worked.
Topics: Affect; Consciousness; Functional Laterality; Humans; Laboratory Personnel; Models, Biological; Photic Stimulation; Visual Perception
PubMed: 32374025
DOI: 10.1002/cne.24943 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Aug 2007Bipolar disorder, with mood swings between depression and mania, may affect up to 1.5% of adults, and increases the risk of suicide and disability. Most people improve... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Bipolar disorder, with mood swings between depression and mania, may affect up to 1.5% of adults, and increases the risk of suicide and disability. Most people improve over time, but two thirds may have residual dysfunction, and at least 40% may have recurrent episodes.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments in people with mania associated with bipolar disorder? What are the effects of treatments in bipolar depression? What are the effects of interventions to prevent relapse of mania or bipolar depression? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to July 2006 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 60 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antidepressants, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, clonazepam, cognitive therapy, education, family-focused psychoeducation, gabapentin, haloperidol, lamotrigine, lithium, olanzapine, psychological treatments, quetiapine, risperidone, topiramate, valproate, and ziprasidone.
Topics: Acute Disease; Antidepressive Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Risperidone; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19454110
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2021Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder that affects millions worldwide and is associated with severe mood swings between mania and depression. The mood stabilizers... (Review)
Review
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder that affects millions worldwide and is associated with severe mood swings between mania and depression. The mood stabilizers valproate (VPA) and lithium (Li) are among the main drugs that are used to treat BD patients. However, these drugs are not effective for all patients and cause serious side effects. Therefore, better drugs are needed to treat BD patients. The main barrier to developing new drugs is the lack of knowledge about the therapeutic mechanism of currently available drugs. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers. However, it is still not known how they act to alleviate both mania and depression. The pathology of BD is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and abnormalities in calcium signaling. A deficiency in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway may be a shared mechanism that leads to these cellular dysfunctions. This is supported by reported abnormalities in the UPR pathway in lymphoblasts from BD patients. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that mood stabilizers alter the expression of several UPR target genes in mouse and human neuronal cells. In this review, we outline a new perspective wherein mood stabilizers exert their therapeutic mechanism by activating the UPR. Furthermore, we discuss UPR abnormalities in BD patients and suggest future research directions to resolve discrepancies in the literature.
PubMed: 34531727
DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.735622