-
PloS One 2023Oral bacteria play important roles in human health and disease. Oral samples collected using ethanol-containing mouthwash are widely used for oral microbiome studies....
Oral bacteria play important roles in human health and disease. Oral samples collected using ethanol-containing mouthwash are widely used for oral microbiome studies. However, ethanol is flammable and not ideal for transportation/storage in large quantities, and some individuals may avoid ethanol due to the burning sensation or due to various personal, medical, religious, and/or cultural factors. Here, we compared ethanol-free and ethanol-containing mouthwashes using multiple microbiome metrics and assessed the stability of the mouthwash samples stored up to 10 days before processing. Forty volunteers provided oral wash samples collected using ethanol-free and ethanol-containing mouthwashes. From each sample, one aliquot was immediately frozen, one was stored at 4°C for 5 days and frozen, while the third aliquot was stored for 5 days at 4°C and 5 days at ambient temperature to mimic shipping delays and then frozen. DNA was extracted, the 16S rRNA gene V4 region was amplified and sequenced, and bioinformatic processing was performed using QIIME 2. Microbiome metrics measured in the two mouthwash types were very similar, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for alpha and beta diversity metrics greater than 0.85. Relative abundances of some taxa were significantly different, but ICCs of the top four most abundant phyla and genera were high (> 0.75) for the comparability of the mouthwashes. Stability during delayed processing was also high for both mouthwashes based on alpha and beta diversity measures and relative abundances of the top four phyla and genera (ICCs ≥ 0.90). These results demonstrate ethanol-free mouthwash performs similarly to ethanol-containing mouthwash for microbial analyses, and both mouthwashes are stable for at least 10 days without freezing prior to laboratory processing. Ethanol-free mouthwash is suitable for collecting and shipping oral wash samples, and these results have important implications for planning future epidemiologic studies of the oral microbiome.
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Microbiota; Ethanol; Bacteria
PubMed: 37104300
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284956 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2021The main aim of this study was to test whether the use of mouthwash is associated with subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and to test the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The main aim of this study was to test whether the use of mouthwash is associated with subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and to test the potential risk of SCCHN depending on the mouthwash use duration, frequency, or alcoholic content.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a meta-analysis using Web of Science and Scopus databases to detect the risk change associated with mouthwash use depending on the alcohol content, duration and frequency of use, and anatomical location. We used a random-effects model with the Sidik-Jonkman estimator for effect size model measures.
RESULTS
We included 17 studies in the meta-analysis containing 17,085 cases and 20,032 controls. The risk difference for SCCHN between mouthwash users and non-users was minimal, with a value of -0.02 [-0.05, 0.01]. Alcoholic mouthwash use was associated with a minimal decrease in risk (of -0.01 [-0.07, 0.05]). Frequent usage of mouthwash was associated with a statistically significant risk increase for SCCHN but the risk increase was marginal (0.04, [0.01, 0.06]).
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, our study failed to show a statistically significant correlation between mouthwash use and the risk of SCCHN. The only statistically significant correlation that we could identify was between frequent usage and SCCHN, potentially caused by prolonged contact between some constituents of mouthwash (possibly alcohol) and the oral epithelium.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Ethanol; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Mouthwashes; Neck
PubMed: 34360508
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158215 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Feb 2023Salvadora persica L., also known as miswak, is an indigenous plant most prevalent in the Middle Eastern, some Asian, and African countries. It has medicinal and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Salvadora persica L., also known as miswak, is an indigenous plant most prevalent in the Middle Eastern, some Asian, and African countries. It has medicinal and prophylactics function for numerous illnesses, including periodontal disease. Various trials, apart from World Health Organization encouragement have contributed to the production and use of S. persica in extract form in the formulation of mouthwash. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical effect of Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash for anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis functions.
METHODS
Using the PRISMA 2020 Protocol, a systematic search of the publications was undertaken from the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholars for randomized control trials published through 31st January 2022 to determine the effectiveness of Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash relative to chlorhexidine gluconate as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties.
RESULTS
A total of 1809 titles and abstracts were screened. Of these, twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review while only sixteen were selected for meta-analysis. The overall effects of standardized mean difference and 95% CI were 0.89 [95% CI 0.09 to 1.69] with a χ statistic of 2.54, 15 degrees of freedom (p < 0.00001), I = 97% as anti-plaque function and 95% CI were 0.12 [95% CI -0.43 to 0.67] with a χ statistic of 0.68 with 10 degree of freedom (p < 0.00001), I = 89% as anti-gingivitis.
CONCLUSION
This review suggests that Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash causes a significant reduction of plaque and gingival inflammation. While the improvement is inferior to chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, S. persica-extract mouthwash may be considered as a herbal alternative to the user pursuing periodontal care with natural ingredients.
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Salvadoraceae; Plant Extracts; Chlorhexidine; Gingivitis
PubMed: 36283639
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115863 -
BMC Oral Health Sep 2023The effects of a low concentration of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) mouthwash on salivary bacteria remained unclear. We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
The effects of a low concentration of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) mouthwash on salivary bacteria remained unclear. We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of 100 ppm HOCl mouthwash on salivary bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), in patients with periodontal disease (PD).
METHODS
Patients with PD were randomized into mouthwash-only (MW, n = 26) and mouthwash with periodontal flosser (MWPF, n = 27) groups. Patients without PD were selected for the control group (n = 30). S. aureus culture and saliva samples (before and after the intervention) were collected for bacterial DNA extraction. A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and serial dilutions of S. aureus culture and saliva samples were used to measure the salivary bacteria total count (SBTC) and confirm the antibacterial effects of the mouthwash using S. aureus.
RESULTS
No significant difference in demographic data was observed among the three groups. Before the intervention, the baseline SBTC of the MW and MWPF groups was significantly higher than that of the control group. After the mouthwash rinses, the SBTC data significantly changed in the MW and MWPF groups only (by 62.4% and 77.4%, respectively). After the base-2 log-transformation of the SBTC data, a similar trend was observed. Linear regression revealed that baseline SBTC and the MWPF intervention significantly affected SBTC reduction percentage by volume. After incubation with 10% (v/v) of mouthwash, the survival rates of 10 and 10 colony-forming units/mL of S. aureus were 0.51% ± 0.06% and 1.42% ± 0.37%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
These study results indicated that 100 ppm HOCl mouthwash treatment could effectively reduce SBTC in patients with PD and the abundance of S. aureus. It provides that the HOCl mouthwash can be an option for individuals to help control SBTC, especially in patients with PD.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUHIRB-F(I)-20200042) on 20/03/2020 and retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT05372835) on 13/05/2022.
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Staphylococcus aureus; Hypochlorous Acid; Saliva; Bacteria; Periodontal Diseases; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37770865
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03358-4 -
American Journal of Diseases of... Sep 1978
Topics: Accidents, Home; Child, Preschool; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Male; Mouthwashes
PubMed: 685916
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120340106025 -
The British Journal of Oral &... Apr 2019
Topics: Dry Socket; Humans; Mouthwashes; Tooth Extraction
PubMed: 30898457
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.01.009 -
Journal of Dentistry Dec 2020Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a commonly used antiseptic mouthwash, used by dental practitioners and the public, due to its antimicrobial effects. The aim of this article was... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a commonly used antiseptic mouthwash, used by dental practitioners and the public, due to its antimicrobial effects. The aim of this article was to provide a narrative review of current antimicrobial uses of CHX relevant to dentistry in the context of oral diseases, highlighting need for further studies to support its safe and appropriate use.
STUDY SELECTION, DATA AND SOURCES
Randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews and national (UK and US) guidelines were consulted where available, with search terms for each subject category entered into MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar and the Cochrane database.
RESULTS
Some evidence existed to support adjunctive short-term use of CHX to manage dental plaque, and reduce clinical symptoms of gingivitis, dry socket, as well as reduce aerosolisation of bacteria. However, use must be weighed alongside the less desirable effects of CHX, including extrinsic staining of teeth, antimicrobial resistance to antiseptic agents and the rare, but fatal, allergic reactions to CHX. Conversely, evidence for the effectiveness of chlorhexidine to manage or prevent periodontitis, dental caries, necrotising periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, and infections associated with extraction and aerosolised viruses remains less certain.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of CHX in dentistry and oral healthcare continues to be widespread and thus it is important that dental practitioners understand that, based on its differential mechanisms of action on different microbes, appropriate clinical and dental use of CHX should be oral disease specific. However, further scientific and clinical research is required before full recommendations can be made.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Dental Caries; Dentists; Humans; Mouthwashes; Professional Role
PubMed: 33075450
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103497 -
European Review For Medical and... Oct 2020The study aimed to review and report the current evidence supporting the use of mouthwashes as a preprocedural protocol on dental offices. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The study aimed to review and report the current evidence supporting the use of mouthwashes as a preprocedural protocol on dental offices.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study is a secondary one that performed a comprehensive literature search of scientific studies published up to 10th August 2020 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) databases. The electronic search strategy was performed using free text and DeCS/MeSH terms.
RESULTS
Only five studies were included in this work, despite 140 studies that were identified with the research strategy. In vivo studies were carried out in two works, in vitro studies were described in two papers, and a in silico approach was used in one work. No cetylpyridinium chloride studies were identified, while chlorhexidine and povidone studies were more studied.
CONCLUSIONS
There is reduced evidence about how preprocedural mouthwashes decrease SARS-CoV-2 salivary load.
Topics: COVID-19; Dental Care; Humans; Mouthwashes; SARS-CoV-2; Viral Load
PubMed: 33090432
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202010_23245 -
Biological Trace Element Research Aug 2022Iodine-based mouthwash and throat sprays contain povidone iodine (PVP-I) for disinfection. PVP-I mouthwash has been commonly used for decades in Japan and other...
Iodine-based mouthwash and throat sprays contain povidone iodine (PVP-I) for disinfection. PVP-I mouthwash has been commonly used for decades in Japan and other countries and frequent and/or prolonged use of PVP-I mouthwash can induce transient hypothyroidism. To assess the amount of iodine ingested from an oral rinse, 22 healthy adult volunteers (mean age: 48.1, 29-70 years) were recruited for the study. The subjects were instructed to rinse for 15 s three times with 20 mL of commercially available PVP-I mouthwash diluted into 0.23% or pure water. This method is a standardized method of gargling recommended by the manufacturers. The total iodine in the PVP-I mouthwash was measured with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Although the 7% PVP-I mouthwash contains 7 mg of effective iodine/mL, 24.3 mg/mL of iodine was detected in the solution. The median value and ratio of the total iodine ingested were 5.0 mg (range: 2.6-10.8 mg) and 20.5% (range: 10.6-44.5%), respectively. The iodine species released from the PVP-I mouthwash are effective iodine (PVP・nHI, I, and I) and I; however, the amount and types of iodine actually absorbed into the bloodstream are unknown. PVP-I mouthwash should be used carefully since around 5 mg of iodine could theoretically enter the body with one gargle which exceeds the tolerable upper intake level of iodine for adults. This study was prospectively registered to University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) on March 29, 2021, with the study ID of UMIN000043770.
Topics: Adult; Eating; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodides; Iodine; Mouthwashes; Povidone-Iodine
PubMed: 34674109
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02978-7 -
JAMA Internal Medicine May 2019
Topics: Analgesics; Humans; Magic; Mouthwashes; Stomatitis
PubMed: 31058933
DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0267