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Seminars in Pediatric Neurology Apr 2018Many inherited metabolic diseases or inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) cause movement disorders in children. This review focuses on chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, tremor,... (Review)
Review
Many inherited metabolic diseases or inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) cause movement disorders in children. This review focuses on chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, tremor, and parkinsonism. Broad neurometabolic categories commonly responsible for pediatric movement disorders include mitochondrial cytopathies, organic acidemias, mineral metabolism and transport disorders, neurotransmitter diseases, purine metabolism abnormalities, lipid storage conditions, and creatine metabolism dysfunction. Each movement disorder can be caused by many IEM and several of them can cause multiple movement abnormalities. Dietary modifications, medications, and increasingly specific therapy can improve outcomes in children with movement disorders caused by IEM. Recognition and characterization of secondary movement disorders in children facilitate their management and diagnosis, and possible treatment of an underlying IEM.
Topics: Child; Humans; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Movement Disorders
PubMed: 29735120
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2018.02.003 -
Advances in Pediatrics Aug 2018
Review
Topics: Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Medical History Taking; Movement Disorders; Physical Examination
PubMed: 30053926
DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2018.04.010 -
Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and... Jan 1999Movement disorders cause difficulty with ambulation. Hypokinetic disorders produce a slow gait with short strides and impairment of balance. The hyperkinetic disorders... (Review)
Review
Movement disorders cause difficulty with ambulation. Hypokinetic disorders produce a slow gait with short strides and impairment of balance. The hyperkinetic disorders are also marked by an impairment of balance, caused by rapid or uncontrollable movements of the limbs or trunk, that interferes with the normal rhythm of walking. The gaits of different movement disorders help the clinician to classify them. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the disorder may significantly improve ambulation and quality of life.
Topics: Gait; Humans; Hyperkinesis; Movement Disorders; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 9929775
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Neurology May 2018Mitochondrial disease presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that may appear at any age and cause multisystem dysfunction. A broad spectrum of movement... (Review)
Review
Mitochondrial disease presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that may appear at any age and cause multisystem dysfunction. A broad spectrum of movement disorders can manifest in mitochondrial diseases including ataxia, Parkinsonism, myoclonus, dystonia, choreoathetosis, spasticity, tremor, tic disorders and restless legs syndrome. There is marked heterogeneity of movement disorder phenotypes, even in patients with the same genetic mutation. Moreover, the advent of new technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, is likely to identify novel causative genes, expand the phenotype of known disease genes and improve the genetic diagnosis in these patients. Identification of the underlying genetic basis of the movement disorder is also a crucial step to allow for targeted therapies to be implemented as well as provide the basis for a better understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of the disease process. The aim of this review is to discuss the spectrum of movement disorders associated with mitochondrial disease.
Topics: Humans; Mitochondrial Diseases; Movement Disorders
PubMed: 29307008
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8722-6 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2023Paroxysmal movement disorders have traditionally been classified into paroxysmal dyskinesia (PxD), which consists in attacks of involuntary movements (mainly dystonia... (Review)
Review
Paroxysmal movement disorders have traditionally been classified into paroxysmal dyskinesia (PxD), which consists in attacks of involuntary movements (mainly dystonia and/or chorea) without loss of consciousness, and episodic ataxia (EA), which features spells of cerebellar dysfunction with or without interictal neurological manifestations. In this chapter, PxD will be discussed first according to the trigger-based classification, thus reviewing clinical, genetic, and molecular features of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, and paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia. EA will be presented thereafter according to their designated gene or genetic locus. Clinicogenetic similarities among paroxysmal movement disorders have progressively emerged, which are herein highlighted along with growing evidence that their pathomechanisms overlap those of epilepsy and migraine. Advances in our comprehension of the biological pathways underlying paroxysmal movement disorders, which involve ion channels as well as proteins associated with the vesical synaptic cycle or implicated in neuronal energy metabolism, may represent the cornerstone for defining a shared pathophysiologic framework and developing target-specific therapies.
Topics: Humans; Chorea; Movement Disorders; Dystonia; Dystonic Disorders
PubMed: 37620078
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-98817-9.00033-8 -
Current Opinion in Neurology Aug 2016The review highlights the most relevant recent developments in the field of functional movement disorders (FMD). (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The review highlights the most relevant recent developments in the field of functional movement disorders (FMD).
RECENT FINDINGS
The emphasis on making a 'positive' diagnosis has driven a renewed interest in assessing the value of simple clinical signs. Furthermore, an effort has been made to develop and test objective diagnostic tools. The association of FMD with several comorbidities is being acknowledged. Pathophysiological understanding has grown with the identification of new neurobiological abnormalities, including a decreased interoceptive sensitivity. Finally - and most importantly - the recognition of the potential benefits of specialized physiotherapy is changing FMD management.
SUMMARY
The field of FMD is moving forward on a number of fronts, including diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. A major priority for future research is providing robust evidence regarding treatment.
Topics: Comorbidity; Humans; Movement Disorders
PubMed: 27310536
DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000350 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Aug 2016Orofacial movement disorders (OMDs) include dystonia, dyskinesia, drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions, and bruxism. The definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology,... (Review)
Review
Orofacial movement disorders (OMDs) include dystonia, dyskinesia, drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions, and bruxism. The definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management are detailed. OMDs are often disabling and affect patients' overall quality of life with pain, difficulty chewing food, speech difficulty, drooling, and social embarrassment. Management involves medications, botulinum toxin injections, and peripheral or central surgery. Botulinum toxin injections are the most effective management, often used in conjunction with medications. Surgery is the last resort for patients who fail to respond to medications or develop resistance to botulinum toxin type A.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Bruxism; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Movement Disorders; Neuromuscular Agents; Pain Management; Pain Measurement; Quality of Life; Stomatognathic Diseases
PubMed: 27475514
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2016.03.003 -
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology Apr 2018Over the last decade, there have been significant advances in the identification, characterization, and treatment of autoimmune neurologic disorders in children. Many of... (Review)
Review
Over the last decade, there have been significant advances in the identification, characterization, and treatment of autoimmune neurologic disorders in children. Many of these diseases include a typical movement disorder that can be a powerful aid to diagnosis. Frequently, movement disorders in autoimmune conditions are the sole or among a few presenting symptoms, allowing for earlier diagnosis of an underlying malignancy or systemic autoimmune disease. Given that early detection and treatment with immunotherapy may confer improved outcomes, recognizing these patterns of abnormal movements is essential for child neurologists. The purpose of this review is to summarize the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of movement disorders that occur in pediatric autoimmune disorders.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System; Child; Humans; Movement Disorders
PubMed: 29735121
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2017.12.006 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Oct 2022This article is designed to help the clinician identify the most common pediatric movement disorders and recognize benign versus pathologic movements in infancy and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article is designed to help the clinician identify the most common pediatric movement disorders and recognize benign versus pathologic movements in infancy and childhood, with a particular focus on treatable conditions and those that should not be missed.
RECENT FINDINGS
As telehealth has become more prevalent as a means of providing health care services, the challenges of obtaining relevant examination findings during telehealth encounters for assessment of children with movement disorders have become evident.
SUMMARY
Although many children who present with a chief complaint of "abnormal movements" are found to have a benign, self-resolving etiology, it is critical that neurologists accurately recognize benign versus pathologic movements in children to ensure appropriate diagnosis and intervention.
Topics: Child; Humans; Movement Disorders; Telemedicine
PubMed: 36222774
DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001187 -
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology Apr 2018The acute development of a movement disorder is often a dramatic and frightening experience for patients and families, often requiring urgent or emergent evaluation by a... (Review)
Review
The acute development of a movement disorder is often a dramatic and frightening experience for patients and families, often requiring urgent or emergent evaluation by a neurologist. In the assessment of these patients, one relies on the history, physical and neurologic examination to determine the etiology of the condition. We aim to demonstrate that a thorough medication history is an incredibly critical part of this evaluation as iatrogenic movement disorders can arise from exposure not only to psychoactive medications, but from drugs prescribed for a variety of nonneurologic disorders. This comprehensive review is organized by movement disorder semiology so that the reader can more readily develop a differential diagnosis when evaluating a patient with a movement disorder.
Topics: Child; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Movement Disorders
PubMed: 29735109
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2018.02.005