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Cells Dec 2021The respiratory epithelium represents the first chemical, immune, and physical barrier against inhaled noxious materials, particularly pathogens in cystic fibrosis.... (Review)
Review
The respiratory epithelium represents the first chemical, immune, and physical barrier against inhaled noxious materials, particularly pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Local mucus thickening, altered mucociliary clearance, and reduced pH due to CFTR protein dysfunction favor bacterial overgrowth and excessive inflammation. We aimed in this review to summarize respiratory mucosal alterations within the epithelium and current knowledge on local immunity linked to immunoglobulin A in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Topics: Animals; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunoglobulin A; Lung; Models, Biological; Respiratory Mucosa
PubMed: 34944110
DOI: 10.3390/cells10123603 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Nov 2022Nanoparticles-based treatments is of utmost importance for aquaculture. In this scenario, chitosan-based nanoparticles have been proposed due to the properties of... (Review)
Review
Nanoparticles-based treatments is of utmost importance for aquaculture. In this scenario, chitosan-based nanoparticles have been proposed due to the properties of chitosan, which include mucoadhesiveness. Nevertheless, pivotal parameters of chitosan, such as degree of acetylation and molecular weight, are commonly underestimated in the available literature despite the influence they seem to have on the properties of chitosan-based nanoparticles. In this systematic review, the immunomodulator capacity of chitosan nanoparticles used as mucosal vaccines on teleost fish has been evaluated paying special attention to the chitosan properties. Four databases were used for literature search, yielding 486 documents, from which 14 meet the inclusion criteria. Only 21% of the available studies reported properly chitosan properties, which should be improved in future works to generate reproducible data as well as valuable information. To the best of our knowledge, this work objectively compares for the first time, by quantifying the mg of chitosan/g of fish applied in each study, the chitosan nanoparticle preparation and doses applied to fish, as well as the effects of the treatments applied on fish immune status.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Chitosan; Immunity, Mucosal; Nanoparticles; Vaccines
PubMed: 36038102
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.030 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a need to further understand lung mucosal immunity to reduce the burden of community acquired pneumonia, including that... (Review)
Review
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a need to further understand lung mucosal immunity to reduce the burden of community acquired pneumonia, including that caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Local mucosal immunity provides the first line of defence against respiratory pathogens, however very little is known about the mechanisms involved, with a majority of literature on respiratory infections based on the examination of peripheral blood. The mortality for severe community acquired pneumonia has been rising annually, even prior to the current pandemic, highlighting a significant need to increase knowledge, understanding and research in this field. In this review we profile key mediators of lung mucosal immunity, the dysfunction that occurs in the diseased lung microenvironment including the imbalance of inflammatory mediators and dysbiosis of the local microbiome. A greater understanding of lung tissue-based immunity may lead to improved diagnostic and prognostic procedures and novel treatment strategies aimed at reducing the disease burden of community acquired pneumonia, avoiding the systemic manifestations of infection and excess morbidity and mortality.
Topics: COVID-19; Community-Acquired Infections; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation Mediators; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 36211412
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983550 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Immunity, Mucosal; Binding Sites
PubMed: 38022680
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327091 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019The long-standing dogma that immunological memory is the exclusive prerogative of the adaptive immune system has been challenged by emerging evidence that innate... (Review)
Review
The long-standing dogma that immunological memory is the exclusive prerogative of the adaptive immune system has been challenged by emerging evidence that innate immunity can also maintain memory of past events. Such immunological imprinting takes two forms, trained innate immunity and tolerance. Trained immunity involves metabolic and epigenetic adaptations in innate immune cells and their progenitors in the bone marrow upon exposure to certain microbial and/or inflammatory stimuli so that the "trained" cells would be poised to respond much faster and stronger to a subsequent challenge (e.g., a new infection that is not necessarily the same as the earlier one). Conversely, tolerance leads to attenuated immune responses to secondary stimuli. This review focuses on trained immunity and discusses evidence for its existence from lower organisms to humans, its mechanistic underpinnings, and its translational ramifications. Although trained immunity can be considered as an evolutionarily conserved beneficial response against reinfections, in the setting of modern societies with high prevalence of chronic mucosal and systemic inflammatory diseases, trained immunity could also promote maladaptive immune responses that aggravate pathology. Thus, depending on context, innate immune memory could be therapeutically manipulated using defined agonists to either promote innate immune responses (particularly useful for the treatment of infections or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression) or suppress excessive inflammation in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunologic Memory; Inflammation
PubMed: 31732931
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_2 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Aug 2023The environment is crucial for fish as their mucosal surfaces face continuous challenges in the water. Fish mucosal surfaces harbor the microbiome and mucosal immunity.... (Review)
Review
The environment is crucial for fish as their mucosal surfaces face continuous challenges in the water. Fish mucosal surfaces harbor the microbiome and mucosal immunity. Changes in the environment could affect the microbiome, thus altering mucosal immunity. Homeostasis between the microbiome and mucosal immunity is crucial for the overall health of fish. To date, very few studies have investigated mucosal immunity and its interaction with the microbiome in response to environmental changes. Based on the existing studies, we can infer that environmental factors can modulate the microbiome and mucosal immunity. However, we need to retrospectively examine the existing literature to investigate the possible interaction between the microbiome and mucosal immunity under specific environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on the effects of environmental changes on the fish microbiome and mucosal immunity. This review mainly focuses on temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and photoperiod. We also point out a gap in the literature and provide directions to go further in this research field. In-depth knowledge about mucosal immunity-microbiome interaction will also improve aquaculture practices by reducing loss during environmental stressful conditions.
Topics: Animals; Immunity, Mucosal; Retrospective Studies; Microbiota; Fishes; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 37302678
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108877 -
BioMed Research International 2014Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it... (Review)
Review
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it is not fully elucidated what exactly occurs after HIV contact with the female genital tract mucosa. The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The relationship of these STDs with HIV infection has been widely studied. Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; Female; Genitalia, Female; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Leukocytes
PubMed: 25313360
DOI: 10.1155/2014/350195 -
Pediatrics Jun 2003Food allergy is the manifestation of an abnormal immune response to antigen delivered by the oral route. Normal mucosal immune responses are generally associated with... (Review)
Review
Food allergy is the manifestation of an abnormal immune response to antigen delivered by the oral route. Normal mucosal immune responses are generally associated with suppression of immunity. A normal mucosal immune response relies heavily on a number of factors: strong physical barriers, luminal digestion of potential antigens, selective antigen sampling sites, and unique T-cell subpopulations that effect suppression. In the newborn, several of these pathways are not matured, allowing for sensitization rather than suppression. With age, the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue matures, and in most individuals this allows for generation of the normal suppressed tone of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. As a consequence, food allergies are largely outgrown. This article deals with the normal facets of mucosal immune responses and postulates how the different processes may be defective in food-allergic patients.
Topics: Animals; Child; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Intestinal Mucosa; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 12777598
DOI: No ID Found -
International Immunopharmacology Oct 2023Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently discovered subset of immune cells that play a crucial role in preserving tissue health and combating infections. Among these,... (Review)
Review
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently discovered subset of immune cells that play a crucial role in preserving tissue health and combating infections. Among these, ILC3s are particularly vital in regulating mucosal immunity across multiple organs such as the gut, lungs, and skin. The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive and detailed overview of current knowledge on ILC3s, with a specific emphasis on their intricate interactions with various components of the intestinal microenvironment. Recent research on the complex, bidirectional communication pathways between ILC3s and intestinal epithelial cells, stromal cells, immune cells, microbiota, their metabolites, and diet are highlighted. Furthermore, this review comprehensively examines the diverse functions of ILC3s, which include lymphoid tissue development, tissue repair, infection, inflammation, and metabolic diseases, as well as the effector molecules that facilitate these functions. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the biological and functional aspects of ILC3s and underscores their potential for developing innovative therapies for immune-mediated disorders, while also acknowledging the remaining knowledge gaps and challenges that need to be addressed.
Topics: Humans; Lymphocytes; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Lymphoid Tissue; Inflammation
PubMed: 37552906
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110772 -
Current Opinion in Virology Feb 2024Mucosal tissues are frequent targets of both primary and metastatic cancers. This has highlighted the significance of both innate and adaptive anti-cancer immunity at... (Review)
Review
Mucosal tissues are frequent targets of both primary and metastatic cancers. This has highlighted the significance of both innate and adaptive anti-cancer immunity at mucosal sites. Trained innate immunity (TII) is an emerging concept defined as enhanced reactivity of innate leukocytes long after a previous stimulation that induces prolonged epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic changes. Trained innate leukocytes can respond to heterologous targets due to their lacking of antigen-specificity in most cases. Emerging experimental and clinical data suggest that certain microbes or their products induce TII in mucosal-associated innate leukocytes which endows heterologous anti-tumor innate immunity, in both prophylactic and therapeutic scenarios. In this mini-review, we summarize updated findings on the significance of TII in mucosal cancers. We also attempt to raise a few key questions critical to our further understanding on the roles of TII in mucosal cancers, and to the potential application of TII as anti-cancer strategy.
Topics: Immunity, Innate; Trained Immunity; Adaptive Immunity; Mucous Membrane; Immunity, Mucosal; Neoplasms
PubMed: 38364654
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101387