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Frontiers in Immunology 2019Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a mucous membrane-dominated autoimmune subepithelial blistering disease that is caused by autoantibodies against various autoantigens... (Review)
Review
Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a mucous membrane-dominated autoimmune subepithelial blistering disease that is caused by autoantibodies against various autoantigens in basement membrane zone (BMZ) proteins, including collagen XVII (COL17). Clinicians face diagnostic problems in detecting circulating antibodies and targeted antigens in MMP. The diagnostic difficulties are mainly attributed to the low titers of MMP autoantibodies in sera and to heterogeneous autoantigens. Additionally, no unanimous diagnostic criteria have been drawn for MMP, which can result in delayed diagnoses or misdiagnoses. This review aims to integrate and present currently available data to clarify diagnostic strategies and to present diagnostic criteria for MMP. The ultimate blistering mechanism in MMP has not been elucidated, and such mechanism is especially obscure in COL17-type MMP. In bullous pemphigoid (BP), which is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease, some patients show oral lesion as well as predominant skin lesions. However, there is no fundamental explanation for the onset of oral lesions in BP. This article summarizes innovative research perspectives on the pathogenesis of oral lesions in pemphigoid. Finally, we propose a potential pathogenesis for COL17-type MMP.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Biomarkers; Blister; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Mucous Membrane; Pemphigoid, Bullous; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 30740099
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00034 -
American Journal of Surgery May 1954
Topics: Humans; Mucous Membrane; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Transplantation
PubMed: 13148450
DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(54)90170-1 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) May 2022Associations between the dynamic community of microbes (the microbiota) and the host they colonize appear to be vital for ensuring host health. Microbe-host... (Review)
Review
Associations between the dynamic community of microbes (the microbiota) and the host they colonize appear to be vital for ensuring host health. Microbe-host communication is actively maintained across physiological barriers of various body sites and is mediated by a range of bidirectional secreted proteins and small molecules. So far, a range of "omics" methods have succeeded in revealing the multiplicity of associations between members of a microbiota and a wide range of host processes and diseases. Although these advances point to possibilities for treating disease, there has not been much translational success thus far. We know little about which organisms are key contributors to host health, the importance of strain differences, and the activities of much of the chemical "soup" that is produced by the microbiota. Adding to this complexity are emerging hints of the role of interkingdom interactions between bacteria, phages, protozoa, and/or fungi in regulating the microbiota-host interactions. Functional approaches, although experimentally challenging, could be the next step to unlocking the power of the microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 35617395
DOI: 10.1126/science.abo2366 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Mucous Membrane; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32849584
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01679 -
Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &... May 2021Microorganisms colonize various ecological niches in the human habitat, as they do in nature. Predominant forms of multicellular communities called biofilms colonize... (Review)
Review
Microorganisms colonize various ecological niches in the human habitat, as they do in nature. Predominant forms of multicellular communities called biofilms colonize human tissue surfaces. The gastrointestinal tract is home to a profusion of microorganisms with intertwined, but not identical, lifestyles: as isolated planktonic cells, as biofilms and in biofilm-dispersed form. It is therefore of major importance in understanding homeostatic and altered host-microorganism interactions to consider not only the planktonic lifestyle, but also biofilms and biofilm-dispersed forms. In this Review, we discuss the natural organization of microorganisms at gastrointestinal surfaces, stratification of microbiota taxonomy, biogeographical localization and trans-kingdom interactions occurring within the biofilm habitat. We also discuss existing models used to study biofilms. We assess the contribution of the host-mucosa biofilm relationship to gut homeostasis and to diseases. In addition, we describe how host factors can shape the organization, structure and composition of mucosal biofilms, and how biofilms themselves are implicated in a variety of homeostatic and pathological processes in the gut. Future studies characterizing biofilm nature, physical properties, composition and intrinsic communication could shed new light on gut physiology and lead to potential novel therapeutic options for gastrointestinal diseases.
Topics: Biofilms; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Homeostasis; Humans; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 33510461
DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00397-y -
Vestnik Otorinolaringologii 2012The currently available data on the peculiarities of the morphological structure of the mucous membrane in the middle ear cavities are presented in conjunction with... (Review)
Review
The currently available data on the peculiarities of the morphological structure of the mucous membrane in the middle ear cavities are presented in conjunction with information on the functional features of the upper respiratory tract and the middle ear. A comprehensive review of the modern methods for the study od the mucociliary activity of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract is provided.
Topics: Ear, Middle; Humans; Mucociliary Clearance; Mucous Membrane; Respiratory System
PubMed: 22970448
DOI: No ID Found -
Respiration; International Review of... 1989The airway mucus varies in amount, composition and physical properties at different levels of the airways and thus variation in types and/or degree of defence are... (Review)
Review
The airway mucus varies in amount, composition and physical properties at different levels of the airways and thus variation in types and/or degree of defence are expected. The mucus barrier, that is the barrier provided by the secretory products from the mucous membrane, comprises three compartments: the epiphase (gel layer); the hypophase (sol layer), and the glycocalyx. The epiphase is the best characterized of the three and, because of its direct contact with the external environment, is the more complex and can act as a physical, chemical and biological barrier. The hypophase and the glycocalyx barriers are less well known in terms of composition, origin, control and functions. The periciliary/sol layer, apart from providing a suitable environment for the cilia, can further dilute substances which have crossed the gel layer. The glycocalyx represents the last protective barrier for the cell membrane and is likely to play an important role in the defence of the surface epithelium. A better understanding of their origin, composition and control, both in health and disease, will help us to choose the appropriate therapeutic agent for enhancing their efficacy as natural barriers.
Topics: Bronchi; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Mucus; Trachea
PubMed: 2682866
DOI: 10.1159/000195748 -
Allergy Mar 2014Histamine is a biogenic amine with extensive effects on many cell types, mediated by the activation of its four receptors (H1R-H4R). Distinct effects are dependent on... (Review)
Review
Histamine is a biogenic amine with extensive effects on many cell types, mediated by the activation of its four receptors (H1R-H4R). Distinct effects are dependent on receptor subtypes and their differential expression. Within the gastrointestinal tract, histamine is present at relatively high concentrations, particularly during inflammatory responses. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory influence of histamine on a number of gastrointestinal disorders, including food allergy, scombroid food poisoning, histamine intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. It is clear that the effects of histamine on mucosal immune homeostasis are dependent on expression and activity of the four currently known histamine receptors; however, the relative protective or pathogenic effects of histamine on inflammatory processes within the gut are still poorly defined and require further investigation.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Tract; Histamine; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 24286351
DOI: 10.1111/all.12330 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Mar 1986This study was performed to elucidate the effect of periodontal treatment on the sinus mucosa. 21 patients with periodontal lesions of the upper molars and/or premolars...
This study was performed to elucidate the effect of periodontal treatment on the sinus mucosa. 21 patients with periodontal lesions of the upper molars and/or premolars and chronic mucous membrane thickening in the maxillary sinus diagnosed radiographically participated in the study. No teeth in the regions studied showed pulpal or periapical changes. Altogether, the patients exhibited 36 maxillary sinuses with mucous membrane thickening. 15-20 months after the final periodontal treatment, a marked reduction of the plaque index, gingival index and probing depth was recorded. Radiographic examination of the sinus mucosa before and after periodontal treatment showed that successful periodontal treatment in all quadrants resulted in normalisation of the sinus mucosa. Periodontal treatment was not successful in 2 quadrants. In one of these cases the thickness of the mucosa was unchanged and in the other case, further thickening of the mucosa seemed to have occurred. The study shows that severe periodontitis of the upper molars and/or premolars may initiate mucous membrane thickening in the maxillary sinus, and that successful periodontal treatment results in normalisation of the sinus mucosa.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bicuspid; Female; Humans; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Middle Aged; Molar; Mucous Membrane; Periodontal Index; Periodontitis; Radiography
PubMed: 3457809
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1986.tb01463.x -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Apr 2003Nearly all infections begin at a mucous membrane site. Also, the human mucous membranes are a reservoir for many pathogenic bacteria found in the environment (that is,... (Review)
Review
Nearly all infections begin at a mucous membrane site. Also, the human mucous membranes are a reservoir for many pathogenic bacteria found in the environment (that is, pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci), some of which are resistant to antibiotics. Clearly, if this human reservoir can be reduced or eliminated, the incidence of disease will be markedly reduced. However, compounds designed to eliminate this reservoir are not available. Towards this goal, we have exploited the highly lethal effects of bacteriophage lytic enzymes (lysins) to specifically destroy disease bacteria on mucous membranes. Such lysins are used by the phage to release their progeny at the end of their replicative cycle. We have identified and purified these enzymes and found that when applied externally to gram-positive bacteria, they are killed seconds after contact. For example, 10(7) S. pyogenes are reduced to undetectable levels 10 s after enzyme addition. A feature of these enzymes is their high specificity; that is, streptococcal lysins kill streptococci and pneumococcal lysins kill pneumococci without effects on the normal flora organisms. In vivo, an oral colonization model for S. pyogenes and a nasal colonization model for S. pneumoniae were developed to test the capacity of the lysins to kill organisms on these surfaces. In both cases, when the animals were pre-colonized with their respective bacteria then treated with a small amount of lysin, specific for the colonizing organism, all the animals were found to be free of colonizing bacteria shortly after lysin treatment. Thus, lysins may be added to our armamentarium to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Topics: Bacteria; Biological Warfare; Enzymes; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 12727641
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06050.x