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International Journal of Legal Medicine Sep 2021Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) is a synanthropic muscid found in tropical and subtropical zones around the world. The larvae of this species are a secondary... (Review)
Review
Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) is a synanthropic muscid found in tropical and subtropical zones around the world. The larvae of this species are a secondary agent of myiasis with necrophagous habits and play an important role in forensic entomology, as they are used as an indicator of post-mortem interval. Adults can be considered vectors of etiological agents such as Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Due to its ability to adapt to different environmental conditions, its high dispersal capacity (shown by its introduction to Europe), its predatory habits in the last larval stage and the difficulty of identifying it, a very important goal is to update our knowledge about this species. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review the identification, geographical distribution and biology of this species in order to provide better support to investigations involving this fly.
Topics: Animals; Ecosystem; Forensic Entomology; Life Cycle Stages; Muscidae; Predatory Behavior; Species Specificity
PubMed: 33738569
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02543-w -
Zootaxa Jun 2016The Muscidae species in Colombia are first catalogued. 108 species and 41 genera are reported to the country, added with 14 new species not yet described in Agenamyia,...
The Muscidae species in Colombia are first catalogued. 108 species and 41 genera are reported to the country, added with 14 new species not yet described in Agenamyia, Apsil, Drymeia, Graphomya and Reinwardtia genera. There are 15 new species records to Colombia. References are given to the original descriptions and taxonomic, biological, and applied literature made for Colombia.
Topics: Animal Distribution; Animals; Catalogs as Topic; Colombia; Female; Male; Muscidae
PubMed: 27395318
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.70 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Dec 1994Many non-biting muscids (filth flies) are characterised by the habit of visiting manure or rotting organic material to feed and/or oviposit. As these flies also often... (Review)
Review
Many non-biting muscids (filth flies) are characterised by the habit of visiting manure or rotting organic material to feed and/or oviposit. As these flies also often have close associations with human beings, as well as human habitations and domestic animals, they are potentially both a nuisance and a contributory factor in the transmission of diseases. The authors examine the biology, economic importance and control of four of the most important non-biting muscids: housefly, Musca domestica; face fly, Musca autumnalis; Australian bush fly, Musca vetustissima; sheep head fly, Hydrotaea irritans.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Houseflies; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Muscidae
PubMed: 7711308
DOI: 10.20506/rst.13.4.820 -
Parasite (Paris, France) 2013Stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens present in the blood and skin of their animal hosts, especially livestock, but occasionally humans. In livestock,... (Review)
Review
Stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens present in the blood and skin of their animal hosts, especially livestock, but occasionally humans. In livestock, their direct effects are disturbance, skin lesions, reduction of food intake, stress, blood loss, and a global immunosuppressive effect. They also induce the gathering of animals for mutual protection; meanwhile they favor development of pathogens in the hosts and their transmission. Their indirect effect is the mechanical transmission of pathogens. In case of interrupted feeding, Stomoxys can re-start their blood meal on another host. When injecting saliva prior to blood-sucking, they can inoculate some infected blood remaining on their mouthparts. Beside this immediate transmission, it was observed that Stomoxys may keep some blood in their crop, which offers a friendly environment for pathogens that could be regurgitated during the next blood meal; thus a delayed transmission by Stomoxys seems possible. Such a mechanism has a considerable epidemiological impact since it allows inter-herd transmission of pathogens. Equine infectious anemia, African swine fever, West Nile, and Rift Valley viruses are known to be transmitted by Stomoxys, while others are suspected. Rickettsia (Anaplasma, Coxiella), other bacteria and parasites (Trypanosoma spp., Besnoitia spp.) are also transmitted by Stomoxys. Finally, Stomoxys was also found to act as an intermediate host of the helminth Habronema microstoma and may be involved in the transmission of some Onchocerca and Dirofilaria species. Being cosmopolite, Stomoxys calcitrans might have a worldwide and greater impact than previously thought on animal and human pathogen transmission.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Vectors; Muscidae
PubMed: 23985165
DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013026 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022The hormetic effect may cause disease control measures to fail due to inadequate treatment of human disease vectors such as houseflies. Age-stage, two-sex life table is...
The hormetic effect may cause disease control measures to fail due to inadequate treatment of human disease vectors such as houseflies. Age-stage, two-sex life table is used for accurate estimation of the hermetic impacts on insects as it allows to study sub-lethal or transgenerational effects. Pyrethroids insecticides are primarily used for the management of houseflies. This study used lambda-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) to quantify its transgenerational impacts on houseflies. Life table parameters of a progeny of adult houseflies exposed to LC, LC and LC of lambda-cyhalothrin were computed. Statistically higher fecundity (71.31 per female) was observed in control treatment, while it was the adults exposed to LC recorded the lowest progeny. Significantly higher values for intrinsic rate of growth (r), limiting rate of growth (λ), and net reproductive rate (R) (0.16, 1.16, and 31.38 per day, respectively) were recorded for the control treatment of the study. Contrarily, lower values for λ, R and r were (0.10, 1.10, and 9.24 per day, respectively) were noted in the LC treatment. Decreased population parameters suggest that lambda-cyhalothrin can be successfully used in indoor environments to control houseflies.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Female; Houseflies; Muscidae; Insecticides; Pyrethrins; Insecticide Resistance
PubMed: 36357409
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23492-3 -
Zootaxa Oct 2020Despite the economic and medical importance of many species of Muscidae knowledge of species occurring in Saudi Arabia is insufficient. As part of a study on the...
Despite the economic and medical importance of many species of Muscidae knowledge of species occurring in Saudi Arabia is insufficient. As part of a study on the biodiversity of Diptera of south-western Saudi Arabia a survey of the Diptera fauna of Jazan, Asir and Najran was performed from 2010 to 2015 at 22 sites. Seventy one known taxa of Muscidae were identified and recorded, 29 of which were recorded for the first time from south-western Saudi Arabia and two new species; Atherigona (Acritochaeta) afrotropicalis Deeming sp. nov. and Helina ponti Deeming sp. nov. are here described. Thus, the total number of Muscidae species that has been recorded from Saudi Arabia (including previous records of 31 species) is 102 and two subspecies. A list of all species and subspecies of Muscidae recorded from Saudi Arabia is provided. The species of Muscidae listed are predominantly of Afrotropical distribution as compared to other regions. Images of 78 taxa are presented. In addition to the results of the identifications all available literature about Muscidae of Saudi Arabia is summarized. Biological information (where known) on the species recorded in this study and the Middle East distribution are included. By developing a research collection and a checklist of species of Muscidae we hope to provide the basis for systematic studies and biogeographical and faunistic analyses, and the necessary guidelines for management of these important flies. The need for further field and laboratory work and surveillance surveys is highlighted.
Topics: Animals; Biodiversity; Muscidae; Saudi Arabia
PubMed: 33311369
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4869.1.1 -
F1000Research 2023Houseflies are the most common type of Diptera, specifically Muscidae, worldwide, representing more than 90% of all species. This family has over 170 genera and 4200...
BACKGROUND
Houseflies are the most common type of Diptera, specifically Muscidae, worldwide, representing more than 90% of all species. This family has over 170 genera and 4200 species, but a few are of medical significance. This study aimed to estimate and assessing the measures to control and prevent grow-up inside houses and flying of the housefly ( , 1758) in Misan.
METHODS
The study occurred over 12 months, from December 2020 to December 2021. Using plastic containers, were collected from all potential breeding sites in the study region (inside and around houses). Sticky oil paper and traps were used to collect the insects. The collected insects were transferred to sealed plastic containers and then to the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology.Out of 200 randomly selected houses, 150 (75%) contained insects. Light traps and sticky oil papers were the most effective control measures, with 26.7% and 25.9% of the collected from these methods, respectively. The ratio of male (233) to female (456) was 1:2, with a significant difference between the frequencies (P<0.05). A large population of houseflies was collected during the hot season (501, 72.7%), whereas fewer were collected during the cold months (188, 27.3%), with a strongly significant difference (P<0.05). The percentage of HI was 54.4%, the CI was 21.9%, and the BI was 79.9%. The overall larval densities (LD) were at a medium level.
CONCLUSIONS
Misan has a high density of , with females being more prominent than males. Hot climate, humid sites, and dirty places are responsible for the breeding of houseflies. The overall larval density was medium. Therefore, the risk of transmitting infectious diseases by houseflies is high within the boundaries of Misan province, and effective control parameters should include measures like light traps and sticky oil.
Topics: Animals; Male; Female; Houseflies; Muscidae; Larva
PubMed: 38106654
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132636.2 -
Zootaxa Apr 2021The occurrence of the muscid genus Spilogona Schnabl in Macaronesia is documented for the first time by the description of two new species, S. azorensis sp. nov. and S....
The occurrence of the muscid genus Spilogona Schnabl in Macaronesia is documented for the first time by the description of two new species, S. azorensis sp. nov. and S. maderensis sp. nov. These appear to be local endemics of the Azores and Madeira, respectively.
Topics: Animals; Azores; Diptera; Muscidae; Portugal
PubMed: 33903382
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4952.1.7 -
International Journal For Parasitology Jan 1999The history of insecticide resistance in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, and the relationship between the characteristics of horn fly biology and insecticide use on... (Review)
Review
The history of insecticide resistance in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, and the relationship between the characteristics of horn fly biology and insecticide use on resistance development is discussed. Colonies of susceptible horn flies were selected for resistance with six insecticide treatment regimens: continuous single use of permethrin, diazinon and ivermectin: permethrin-diazinon (1:2) mixture; and permethrin-diazinon and permethrin-ivermectin rotation (4-month cycle). Under laboratory conditions, resistance developed during generations 21, 31 and 30 to permethrin, diazinon and ivermectin, respectively. The magnitude of resistance ranged from < 3-fold with ivermectin to 1470-fold with permethrin. Field studies demonstrated that use of a single class of insecticidal ear tag during the horn-fly season resulted in product failure within 3-4 years for pyrethroids and organophosphates, respectively. In laboratory studies, use of alternating insecticides or a mixture of insecticides delayed the onset of resistance for up to 12 generations and reduced the magnitude of pyrethroid resistance. In field studies, yearly alternated use of pyrethroids and organophosphates did not slow or reverse pyrethroid resistance (Barros et al., unpublished data), while a 2-year alternated use with organophosphates resulted in partial reversion of pyrethroid resistance. When pyrethroid and organophosphate ear tags were used in a mosaic strategy at two different locations, efficacy of products did not change during a 3-year period.
Topics: Animals; Diazinon; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Muscidae; Permethrin; Pyrethrins
PubMed: 10048825
DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00196-9 -
Zootaxa Apr 2021The Macaronesian species of the muscid genus Limnophora are reviewed with special emphasis on the fauna of the western Canary Islands. The genus is represented by 14...
The Macaronesian species of the muscid genus Limnophora are reviewed with special emphasis on the fauna of the western Canary Islands. The genus is represented by 14 species in the Macaronesian archipelagos, with 10 species in the Canary Islands, 4 species in the Cape Verde Islands, and 3 species in Madeira. Limnophora obsignatula sp. nov. is endemic to the western Canary Islands, where it replaces the widespread continental L. obsignata (Rondani). It is further shown that L. paneliusi Emden, a species so far considered endemic to the Cape Verde Islands, is widespread in the Canary Islands. Two species, L. obsignata (Rondani) and L. tigrina Am Stein, are removed from the list of Canarian Muscidae as based on misidentifications of other species with a mesonotal "Anthomyia-pattern". Limnophora (Calliophrys) riparia capoverdica Emden, a taxon described from the Cape Verde Islands, is synonymized with L. riparia (Fallén), syn. nov. Distribution data and illustrated diagnoses are given for each species. The species account is finalized with an identification key to males and females. An assessment of the ovipositor as a characters source in phylogeny and species recognition is made for 12 species of Limnophora. Finally, it is pointed out that several species are acutely threatened due to habitat disturbance.
Topics: Animals; Diptera; Ecosystem; Female; Male; Muscidae
PubMed: 33903381
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4952.1.6