-
Journal of Molecular Graphics &... Nov 2019Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine (HN-1) and Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (HN-2) are two classifications under the blistering agents, which are taken as target nitrogen...
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine (HN-1) and Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (HN-2) are two classifications under the blistering agents, which are taken as target nitrogen mustard gas in the current research. α-arsenene nanosheets in its puckered configuration, are employed as a prime material to detect the above mentioned gas molecules. The chemo-sensing nature of the base material towards the target gas is ascertained with the assistance of electronic and surface assimilating attributes with the help of density functional theory technique. Initially, the geometric firmness of the base material is ensured with formation energy, which was computed to be -4.262 eV/atom, and we studied the electronic properties like the density of states spectrum, band structure, and electron density. Furthermore, surface assimilating attributes like Bader charge transfer, adsorption energy, average energy gap variation are estimated at atomistic levels using ATK-VNL package. The adsorption of nitrogen mustard gas molecules on α-arsenene nanosheets shows physisorption type of binding. The average energy gap variation of α-arsenene nanosheets upon adsorption of nitrogen mustard gas molecules ranges from 1.33 to 4.1%. Hence, the results suggest that α-arsenene nanosheets can be used as a chemical nanosensor for nitrogen mustard gas.
Topics: Adsorption; Chemical Warfare Agents; Mustard Gas; Nanostructures; Nitrogen; Spectrum Analysis
PubMed: 31330439
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.07.004 -
MedGenMed : Medscape General Medicine Oct 2004
Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Environmental Exposure; History, 20th Century; Humans; Mustard Gas; United States
PubMed: 15775866
DOI: No ID Found -
Cell Biology and Toxicology Aug 2014Mustard gas is a simple molecule with a deadly past. First used as a chemical weapon in World War I, its simple formulation has raised concerns over its use by terrorist...
Mustard gas surrogate, 2-chloroethyl ethylsulfide (2-CEES), induces centrosome amplification and aneuploidy in human and mouse cells : 2-CEES induces centrosome amplification and chromosome instability.
Mustard gas is a simple molecule with a deadly past. First used as a chemical weapon in World War I, its simple formulation has raised concerns over its use by terrorist organizations and unstable governments. Mustard gas is a powerful vesicant and alkylating agent that causes painful blisters on epithelial surfaces and increases the incidence of cancer in those exposed. The mechanism of mustard gas toxicity and tumorigenesis is not well understood but is thought to be mediated by its ability to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage. Interestingly, several proteins that have been shown to either be targets of mustard gas or mediate mustard gas toxicity have also been shown to regulate centrosome duplication. Centrosomes are small nonmembrane-bound organelles that direct the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis through the formation of the bipolar mitotic spindle. Cells with more or less than two centrosomes during mitosis can segregate their chromosomes unequally, resulting in chromosome instability, a common phenotype of cancer cells. In our studies, we show that subtoxic levels of 2-chloroethyl ethylsulfide (2-CEES), a mustard gas analog, induce centrosome amplification and chromosome instability in cells, which may hasten the mutation rate necessary for tumorigenesis. These data may explain why those exposed to mustard gas exhibit higher incidences of cancer than unexposed individuals of the same cohort.
Topics: Aneuploidy; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Centrosome; Chemical Warfare Agents; Chromosomal Instability; Humans; Mice; Mustard Gas; NIH 3T3 Cells
PubMed: 24894427
DOI: 10.1007/s10565-014-9279-0 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Jan 1990
Topics: Cornea; Corneal Diseases; Corneal Transplantation; Humans; Mustard Compounds; Mustard Gas
PubMed: 2294383
DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb124450.x -
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Jan 2018Sulfur mustard has been used as a chemical warfare agent for the past century. After its introduction by the Germans in World War I, investigators quickly began studying... (Review)
Review
Sulfur mustard has been used as a chemical warfare agent for the past century. After its introduction by the Germans in World War I, investigators quickly began studying its impact on the human body including its deleterious effects on skin. This review focuses on two groups in particular who conducted experiments from 1917 to 1918: the United States Army at the American University Experiment Station Laboratories and Torald Sollmann at Western Reserve University. Through this work, these researchers proved far ahead of their time by anticipating dermatologic phenomena not described in the literature until later in the twentieth century. These include regional variation of percutaneous penetration, effect of vehicle on penetration and predicting immunologic contact urticaria. The work conducted by these researchers set the groundwork for much of twentieth century dermatotoxicology.
Topics: Chemical Warfare Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Mustard Gas; Skin; Skin Absorption; World War I
PubMed: 28929511
DOI: 10.1002/jat.3524 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Aug 2021Mustard gas has been used as a chemical warfare agent for a century, and is the most likely chemical weapon used in wars or by terrorists. Thus, it is important to...
Mustard gas has been used as a chemical warfare agent for a century, and is the most likely chemical weapon used in wars or by terrorists. Thus, it is important to develop a facile, rapid and highly selective method for the detection of mustard gas. In this paper, two fluorescent probe molecules, 4-mercaptocoumarins, have been developed for rapid and sensitive detections of SM and its analogues (CEES and NH1) in both solutions and gas phase. The sensing reaction is a nucleophilic addition at three-membered hetercyclic sulfonium/ammonium formed from SM, CEES/NH1 in ethanol. Two fluorescent probes (4-mercaptocoumarins, ArSH) in ethanol deprotonate to form thiophenol anions (ArS) resulting from their low pKa values (3.2-3.4), and the nucleophilic addition of the anion ArS generates the corresponding thioethers, giving a turn-on fluorescence response. The thiophenol anion can fast sense SM, CEES and NH1 (within 1-4 min) with high sensitivity (~nM level) at 60 °C, and high selectivity through adding a tertiary amine, and two probes exhibit excellent chemical and photostability in detection systems. Furthermore, a facile test strip with the sensor was fabricated for the detection of CEES vapor with rapid response (3 min), high sensitivity (9 ppb) and high selectivity.
Topics: Chemical Warfare Agents; Fluorescent Dyes; Mustard Gas
PubMed: 33894438
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125789 -
The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics :... 2008This essay examines the risks of racialized science as revealed in the American mustard gas experiments of World War II. In a climate of contested beliefs over the...
This essay examines the risks of racialized science as revealed in the American mustard gas experiments of World War II. In a climate of contested beliefs over the existence and meanings of racial differences, medical researchers examined the bodies of Japanese American, African American, and Puerto Rican soldiers for evidence of how they differed from whites.
Topics: Chemical Warfare Agents; History, 20th Century; Human Experimentation; Humans; Mustard Gas; Racial Groups; United States; World War II
PubMed: 18840244
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2008.299.x -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Jun 2016Sulfur mustard (SM; bis-(2-chlororethyl) sulfide) is a highly reactive, potent warfare agent that has recently reemerged as a major threat to military and civilians.... (Review)
Review
Sulfur mustard (SM; bis-(2-chlororethyl) sulfide) is a highly reactive, potent warfare agent that has recently reemerged as a major threat to military and civilians. Exposure to SM is often fatal, primarily due to pulmonary injuries and complications caused by its inhalation. Profound inflammation, hypercoagulation, and oxidative stress are the hallmarks that define SM-induced pulmonary toxicities. Despite advances, effective therapies are still limited. This current review focuses on inflammatory and coagulation pathways that influence the airway pathophysiology of SM poisoning and highlights the complexity of developing an effective therapeutic target.
Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Humans; Inflammation; Models, Biological; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Mustard Gas; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 27285828
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13095 -
Journal of Chromatography. B,... Jan 2021At present, there is a real threat of chemical warfare agents being used in terrorist acts and military clashes. Sulfur and nitrogen mustards are blister agents with...
At present, there is a real threat of chemical warfare agents being used in terrorist acts and military clashes. Sulfur and nitrogen mustards are blister agents with high lethality and rapid disruption of armed forces. These highly poisonous substances are hydrolyzed to the characteristic marker compounds when released into the environment. Analysis of environmental objects allows to establish the fact of alleged use of chemical warfare agents and to reveal their type. However, water and soil samples are not always reliable for retrospective analysis. The resulting chemical warfare agent markers may be washed out from the application site over time by groundwaters or atmospheric condensations. This study shows the potential for using plants as a convenient material for retrospective analysis. Garden cress (Lepidium sativum) was chosen as a model plant for this purpose, since it can be easily and quickly grown hydroponically. The plants were cultivated in the environment of the selected markers to study an accumulation of these compounds by the plants. An effective and fast method of homogenization with subsequent ultrasonic extraction was applied. The extracts were analyzed using a specially developed and validated HPLC-MS/MS approach. Separation of the hydrophilic markers was carried out on a reversed-phase column with a polar endcapping. Sensitive mass spectrometric detection was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Achieved limits of detection for most markers were in the range of 2-40 ng mL. It was discovered from the research that after the removal of markers from the growing medium the plants are able to store and concentrate these markers for at least 5 weeks, ensuring a high retrospectivity of the analysis. The obtained results indicate the perspective of using plants as additional objects of analysis during the investigation of incidents related to the use of chemical warfare agents. However, more complex plants and models should be studied in the future.
Topics: Chemical Warfare Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Hydrolysis; Lepidium sativum; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Mustard Gas; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 33264722
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122452 -
Toxicology Sep 2009
Topics: Animals; Chemical Warfare Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mustard Gas; Poisoning
PubMed: 19386280
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.038