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Lancet (London, England) Jan 1991
Topics: Burns, Chemical; Carbamazepine; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Mustard Gas; Skin Diseases; Warfare
PubMed: 1670873
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92210-s -
The Journal of Organic Chemistry Sep 1946
Topics: Mustard Gas; Sulfides
PubMed: 20280711
DOI: 10.1021/jo01175a009 -
British Journal of Preventive & Social... Apr 1955
Mustard gas poisoning, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer; an investigation into the possibility that poisoning by mustard gas in the 1914-18 war might be a factor in the production of neoplasia.
Topics: Bronchitis; Bronchitis, Chronic; Disease; Gas Poisoning; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Mustard Gas; Mustard Plant; Neoplasms; Poisoning; Veterans; Warfare
PubMed: 14378527
DOI: 10.1136/jech.9.2.62 -
JAMA Dermatology Aug 2016
Comparative Study
Topics: Chemical Warfare; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Mustard Gas; Skin Diseases; World War I
PubMed: 27532357
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.0179 -
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT 2002The chemical warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as 'half-mustard gas' (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full...
The chemical warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as 'half-mustard gas' (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full molecule and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of (125)I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, we observed significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when experimental animals were complement or neutrophil depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl thiourea, resveratrol and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The last compound showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Complement System Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Elapid Venoms; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Intubation, Intratracheal; Lung; Male; Mustard Gas; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
PubMed: 12210543
DOI: 10.1002/jat.856 -
Biochemical Pharmacology Jul 1961
Topics: Humans; Mustard Gas; Sulfides
PubMed: 13720264
DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(61)90127-7 -
ACS Sensors Aug 2023Chemical weapons continue to be an ongoing threat that necessitates the improvement of existing detection technologies where new technologies are absent. Lower limits of...
Chemical weapons continue to be an ongoing threat that necessitates the improvement of existing detection technologies where new technologies are absent. Lower limits of detection will facilitate early warning of exposure to chemical weapons and enable more rapid deployment of countermeasures. Here, we evaluate two colorimetric gas detection tubes, developed by Draeger Inc., for sarin and sulfur mustard chemical warfare agents and determine their limits of detection using active chemical agent. Being that commercial companies are only able to use chemical agent simulants during sensor development, it is imperative to determine limits of detection using active agent. The limit of detection was determined based on the absence of a reasonably perceptible color response at incrementally lower concentrations. A chemical vapor generator was constructed to produce stable and quantifiable concentrations of chemical agent vapor, with the presence of chemical agent verified and monitored by a secondary detector. The limits of detection of the colorimetric gas detection tubes were determined to be 0.0046 ± 0.0002 and 2.1 ± 0.3 mg/m for sarin and sulfur mustard, respectively. The response of the sarin detection tube was readily observable with little issue. The sulfur mustard detection tube exhibited a weaker response to active agent compared to the simulant that was used during development, which will affect their concept of operations in real-world detection scenarios.
Topics: Chemical Warfare Agents; Mustard Gas; Sarin; Limit of Detection; Colorimetry; Gases
PubMed: 37581255
DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00067 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Aug 2016In mouse skin, sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, damaging both the epidermis and the dermis. The extent of wounding is dependent on the dose of SM and the... (Review)
Review
In mouse skin, sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, damaging both the epidermis and the dermis. The extent of wounding is dependent on the dose of SM and the duration of exposure. Initial responses include erythema, pruritus, edema, and xerosis; this is followed by an accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the tissue, activation of mast cells, and the release of mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids. These proinflammatory mediators contribute to damaging the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands and to disruption of the epidermal basement membrane. This can lead to separation of the epidermis from the dermis, resulting in a blister, which ruptures, leading to the formation of an eschar. The eschar stimulates the formation of a neoepidermis and wound repair and may result in persistent epidermal hyperplasia. Epidermal damage and repair is associated with upregulation of enzymes generating proinflammatory and pro-growth/pro-wound healing mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, which generates prostanoids, inducible nitric oxide synthase, which generates nitric oxide, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and galectin-3. Characterization of the mediators regulating structural changes in the skin during SM-induced tissue damage and wound healing will aid in the development of therapeutic modalities to mitigate toxicity and stimulate tissue repair processes.
Topics: Animals; DNA Damage; Inflammation Mediators; Mice; Mustard Gas; Skin; Skin Diseases; Wound Healing
PubMed: 27371823
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13125 -
Nature Apr 1947
Topics: Humans; Mustard Gas; Proteins; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Sulfides
PubMed: 20295224
DOI: 10.1038/159478c0 -
Disaster Medicine and Public Health... Nov 2023Development of medical countermeasures (MCM) to mitigate and/ or treat the pulmonary complications associated with exposure to chemical, radiological, and/ or nuclear... (Review)
Review
Development of medical countermeasures (MCM) to mitigate and/ or treat the pulmonary complications associated with exposure to chemical, radiological, and/ or nuclear weapons is a national, public health preparedness posture priority in the United States (US). Pulmonary exposure to either sulfur mustard vapor or radiation causes oxidative damage, vascular injury, hyperinflammation, and pro-fibrotic signaling cascades that lead to life-threatening and potentially debilitating lung disease. There is no MCM currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to mitigate and/ or treat lung injury caused by sulfur mustard or radiation exposure. Thus, there remains a major unmet public health need for development of threat-agnostic, host-directed therapeutics that target common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the progression of acute and/ or late lung injury independent of the etiology of disease. This review describes the clinical manifestations and underlying mechanisms of sulfur mustard and radiation-induced lung injury and regulatory considerations for MCM development under the non-traditional Animal Rule pathway.
Topics: Mustard Gas; Animals; Medical Countermeasures; Models, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Chemical Warfare Agents
PubMed: 37937347
DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.180