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Journal of Hazardous Materials Dec 2004Activated carbon of surface area 1100 m2/gm is impregnated with 4% sodium hydroxide plus 3% Cr(VI) as CrO3 with and without 5% ethylene diamine (EDA), 4% magnesium...
Activated carbon of surface area 1100 m2/gm is impregnated with 4% sodium hydroxide plus 3% Cr(VI) as CrO3 with and without 5% ethylene diamine (EDA), 4% magnesium nitrate and 5% ruthenium chloride by using their aqueous solutions. These carbons are characterized for surface area analysis by BET conventional method and exposed to the vapours of sulphur mustard (HD) at room temperature (30 degrees C). After 24 h, the reaction products are extracted in dichloromethane and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hemisulphur mustard, thiodiglycol, 1,4-oxathiane are observed to be the products of reaction between sulphur mustard and NaOH/CrO3/C system, whereas on NaOH/CrO3/EDA/C system HD reacted to give 1,4-thiazane. On Mg(NO3)2/C system it gave hemisulphur mustard and thiodiglycol. On RuCl3/C system it degraded to divinyl sulphone. Residual sulphur mustard is observed along with reaction products in all systems studied. Reaction mechanisms are also proposed for these interesting surface reactions. Above-mentioned carbons can be used in filtration systems for protection against hazardous gases such as sulphur mustard.
Topics: Adsorption; Carbon; Chemical Warfare Agents; Chromium; Ethylenediamines; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Magnesium Compounds; Mustard Gas; Nitrates; Ruthenium Compounds; Sodium Hydroxide; Waste Disposal, Fluid
PubMed: 15601614
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.09.003 -
Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 2007Although sulfur mustard (SM) has been used as a chemical warfare agent since the early twentieth century, it has reemerged in the past decade as a major threat around... (Review)
Review
Although sulfur mustard (SM) has been used as a chemical warfare agent since the early twentieth century, it has reemerged in the past decade as a major threat around the world. This agent injured over 100,000 Iranians and one-third is suffering from late effects until today. Mustard affects many organs such as the skin, eyes, and lungs, as well as the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and hematopoietic system. In this study we focused on review of the late Cutaneous and ocular complications caused by exposure to SM. All studies regarding long-term ocular and cutaneous effects, which have been done on Iranian population, were collected from domestic and international sources. Pruritus is the most common complain and a malignant change is the most important lesion, which has to be considered. Also this agent is causes of chronic and delayed destructive lesions in the ocular surface and cornea, leading to progressive visual deterioration and ocular irritation.
Topics: Chemical Warfare; Chemical Warfare Agents; Eye Diseases; Humans; Iran; Mustard Gas; Skin Diseases; Veterans
PubMed: 17612976
DOI: 10.1080/15569520701212399 -
Journal of Chromatography. A May 2007An improved method is presented for the trace analysis of sulfur mustard (HD) in biological samples, such as blood and tissue from laboratory animals. Using the internal...
An improved method is presented for the trace analysis of sulfur mustard (HD) in biological samples, such as blood and tissue from laboratory animals. Using the internal standard method and liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, up to 400 microL of the extract was injected by thermal desorption from Tenax and analyzed by two-dimensional GC-MS/EI in SIM mode. The analysis was compared with a direct GC injection. Reversed thermal desorption was used as a tool for handling heavily contaminated (fat) samples, thus preventing contamination of the injection system and pre-column. A successful analytical configuration has been set up for the bioanalysis of HD at the low, toxicologically relevant pM level. A detection limit of 10 pg mL(-1) blood or pg g(-1) tissue of sulfur mustard (S/N=3) was established by using this configuration.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Gas; Haplorhini; Mass Spectrometry; Mustard Gas; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 16965787
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.053 -
Biotechnology Journal Aug 2007A bacterial culture capable of utilizing products of mustard gas hydrolysis as a source of carbon was isolated from soil. This culture was tolerant to organochlorine...
A bacterial culture capable of utilizing products of mustard gas hydrolysis as a source of carbon was isolated from soil. This culture was tolerant to organochlorine substances in the hydrolysate. The bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas sp. The bacterium utilizes the major product of mustard gas hydrolysis, thiodiglycol, through two pathways. One involves the oxidation of the primary alcoholic groups in thiodiglycol, yielding thiodiglycolic and thioglycolic acids. The cleavage of the C-S bonds in these acids gives rise to acetate, which is then used further in the cell metabolism. The other pathway involves the cleavage of the C-S bond in the thiodiglycol molecule, yielding beta-mercaptoethanol, which is transformed by Pseudomonas sp. into thioglycolic acid. The results show the promise of this bacterium for the bioremediation of mustard gas-contaminated soils.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Hydrolysis; Mustard Gas; Pseudomonas; Refuse Disposal; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants; Species Specificity
PubMed: 17526053
DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700011 -
Journal of Chromatography. B,... Jan 2014A method for quantitation of β-lyase metabolites of sulfur mustard (SM) adducts with glutathione has been developed and validated using gas chromatography-tandem mass...
Gas chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of β-lyase metabolites of sulfur mustard adducts with glutathione in urine and its use in a rabbit cutaneous exposure model.
A method for quantitation of β-lyase metabolites of sulfur mustard (SM) adducts with glutathione has been developed and validated using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The linear range of quantitation was 0.1-1000ng/mL in urine with a method detection limit of 0.02ng/mL. The method was applied in a rabbit exposure model. Domestic rabbits were cutaneously exposed to neat liquid SM in three dosage levels, and the β-lyase metabolites in urine were determined as 1,1'-sulfonylbis[2-(methylthio)ethane] (SBMTE). The study showed that even though more than 99% of the total amount of β-lyase metabolites was excreted in the first week after exposure, the β-lyase metabolites of SM adducts with glutathione could be detected in urine from rabbits for up to 3 or 4 weeks after the SM cutaneous exposure. For high dosage group (15mg/kg, 0.15 LD50), the mean concentration of SBMTE detected was 0.32ng/mL on day 28. For middle (5mg/kg, 0.05 LD50) and low (2mg/kg, 0.02 LD50) dosage groups, the mean concentrations of SBMTE were 0.07ng/mL and 0.02ng/mL on day 21, respectively. The data from this study indicate that the method is sensitive and provides a relatively long time frame for the retrospective detection of SM exposure.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Chemical Warfare Agents; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Glutathione; Lyases; Male; Mustard Gas; Rabbits; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Urinalysis
PubMed: 24361979
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.058 -
Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology Jun 2005Sulphur mustard (SM) is regarded as one of the most important agents of chemical warfare because of its simple and cheap chemical synthesis that makes it readily... (Review)
Review
Sulphur mustard (SM) is regarded as one of the most important agents of chemical warfare because of its simple and cheap chemical synthesis that makes it readily available for both terrorist and military use. SM acts as an alkylating agent that induces disruption of nucleic acids and proteins, impairing cell homeostasis and eventually causing cell death. It rapidly reacts with ocular, respiratory and cutaneous tissues, as well as bone marrow and the mucosal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in several devastating long-term effects on human health, many of which are not clinically or pathologically well defined. In light of the possible threat of SM use against military and civilian populations, physicians should be aware of its grave effects and knowledgeable how to care for its victims. The pattern of immediate and long-term toxic effects following exposure to SM is reviewed in this article with special references to the recent data available from over 100,000 chemical casualties incurred during the Iran-Iraq conflict.
Topics: Animals; Antidotes; Chemical Warfare Agents; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Humans; Mustard Gas; Poisoning
PubMed: 15910653
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00325.x -
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Dec 2021Although great potential hazards and threats still occur from sulfur mustard, there are no specific medicine or therapy for the intoxication of sulfur mustard. Herein,...
Although great potential hazards and threats still occur from sulfur mustard, there are no specific medicine or therapy for the intoxication of sulfur mustard. Herein, we have demonstrated a supramolecular approach for the detoxification of the sulfur mustard simulant () in vitro and in vivo by carboxylatopillar[5]arene potassium salts (CP[5]AK ) efficiently based on host-guest interactions. The encapsulation of () by the cavity of the pillar[5]arene is driven by C-H···π interactions between () and the electron-rich cavity of pillar[5]arene , which was investigated by H NMR titration, density functional theory studies, and the independent gradient model studies. () is degradated to the reactive sulfonium salts quickly in aqueous media, resulting in the alkylation of DNA and proteins. The sulfonium salts can be encapsulated by CP[5]AK efficiently, which accelerates the degradation of the sulfonium salts about 14 times. The cell and animal experiments indicated that the bioactivities of the sulfonium salts are inhibited with the formation of stable host-guest complexes, and CP[5]AK has a good therapeutic effect on the damages caused by () at either pre- or post-treatments. Due to the low cytotoxicity and good therapeutic effect, the anionic pillar[5]arenes are expected to be developed as specific antidotes against sulfur mustard (HD).
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rats; Antidotes; Cell Survival; Density Functional Theory; Eye Diseases; HEK293 Cells; Macromolecular Substances; Materials Testing; Molecular Structure; Mustard Gas; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Salts
PubMed: 34846119
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15890 -
Water Science and Technology : a... Jan 2023The peroxide-based decontaminants had attracted great attention for degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) because of their high performance, non-corrosive and...
The peroxide-based decontaminants had attracted great attention for degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) because of their high performance, non-corrosive and environmental-friendly merits. Hydrogen peroxide can be activated by some organic activators to enhance the oxidation ability. In this work, a novel formula based on sodium percarbonate (SPC) complexed with 1-acetylguanidine (ACG) was investigated for decontamination of sulfur mustard (HD) and VX as CWAs. In the experimental results, the active species acetyl peroxide imide acid in the formula aqueous solution was detected in situ by Raman and C NMR spectroscopy. The optimized conditions of the decontamination formula (SPC/ACG) were suggested that, the molar ratio of active oxygen and activator ([O]/[ACG]) was 1:1 while the pH value of the formula aqueous solution was about 9. To achieve the decontamination percentage over 99%, the molar ratio of active oxygen to CWA ((O)/(CWA)) needed to be at least 3 for HD and 7 for VX. Meanwhile, the degradation products detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and ion chromatography (IC) indicated that the oxidation and elimination reactions should have occurred on HD molecule, while the degradation of VX mainly originate from the nucleophilic substitution and oxidation reactions.
Topics: Mustard Gas; Decontamination; Reactive Oxygen Species; Chemical Warfare Agents; Peroxides; Sulfur
PubMed: 36640041
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.415 -
The Biochemical Journal Jul 1946
Topics: Animals; Gas Poisoning; Gases; Mustard Gas; Safrole; Sulfides; Sulfones; Sulfoxides; Sulfur
PubMed: 20273659
DOI: No ID Found -
ACS Sensors Oct 2019Sulfur mustard is one of the most harmful chemical warfare agents and can induce skin, eye, and lung injuries. However, it is hard for medical stuff to diagnose sulfur...
Sulfur mustard is one of the most harmful chemical warfare agents and can induce skin, eye, and lung injuries. However, it is hard for medical stuff to diagnose sulfur mustard poisoning early because of the incubation period after sulfur mustard exposure. Detecting intact sulfur mustard in vivo might be an effective approach for the early diagnosis of sulfur mustard poisoning. A series of fluorescent probes for intact sulfur mustard detection were developed in this study. All of the developed probes could react with sulfur mustard selectivity. Among these probes, SiNIR-SM exhibited an extremely good response rate and a high off/on contrast. To the best of our knowledge, SiNIR-SM is the first near-infrared fluorescent probe for the sulfur mustard detection. Both SiNIR-SM and OxSM-1 were successfully applied to image sulfur mustard in living cells. Using SiNIR-SM, we found that sulfur mustard accumulates in the mitochondria of living cells. This result could provide a new insight for the treatment of sulfur mustard injuries. We also found that SiNIR-SM is suitable for the early diagnostic imaging of sulfur mustard poisoning in SKH-1 mice via the detection of intact sulfur mustard.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Cell Line; Chemical Warfare Agents; Diagnostic Imaging; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Mice; Mustard Gas; Skin
PubMed: 31549501
DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01424