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Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Apr 2022Edible fungus is a large fungus with edible and medicinal value. Rapid detection of mycelium phenotypic characteristics is of great significance for edible fungus...
Edible fungus is a large fungus with edible and medicinal value. Rapid detection of mycelium phenotypic characteristics is of great significance for edible fungus breeding and intelligent cultivation. Traditional method based on experienced observation easily led to make mistakes on distinguishing the growth stages, which impacted on the yield and quality of edible fungus. Therefore, in view of the lack of accurate and efficient detection technology during the growth stages of Pleurotus eryngii mycelium, a rapid detection method of Pleurotus eryngii mycelium at different growth stages is proposed based on the characteristics of near-infrared spectroscopy. First, the spectral data of mycelium of Pleurotus eryngii at six different growth stages were scanned. Second, the multivariate scattering correction method (MSC) was used to pre-process the raw spectral data, and then the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm (CARS) was adopted to detect the characteristic wave number of the effective variables for Pleurotus eryngii mycelium. In addition, the mathematical model between the mycelium of Pleurotus eryngii and the characteristic wave number of near-infrared spectrum was established by using feed forward neural network (BP). Finally, and the coding vector output by the network was used to detect to the growth stages. The results showed that the BP neural network structure of MSC-CARS-BP detection model was 86-85-85-95-6, and the accuracy of identifying different growth stages of Pleurotus eryngii mycelium was 99.67%. The research results could provide a new idea and technical support for the rapid detection of Pleurotus eryngii mycelium at different growth stages.
Topics: Mycelium; Pleurotus
PubMed: 35091183
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120919 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Sep 2019Fungi live within diverse environments and survive well under extreme conditions that are usually beyond the tolerance of most other organisms. In different environments...
Fungi live within diverse environments and survive well under extreme conditions that are usually beyond the tolerance of most other organisms. In different environments fungi are known to induce precipitation of a wide range of minerals. Various species of fungi have been shown to facilitate calcium carbonate mineralization. Here, inspired by examples of needle-fiber calcite formed via fungus-induced biomineralization typically observed in soils and sediments, we utilized inactivated fungus to synthetically induce precipitation of CaCO3 needles. To our knowledge, the feasibility of growing aragonitic needles within fungal mycelium in vitro has not been previously demonstrated. The needles we obtained were curved, displayed hexagonal facets, and demonstrated high-aspect ratios close to 60. The size and shape of these synthetic needles matched those of the mycelium of the natural fungus. Utilizing high-resolution characterization techniques, we studied the morphology and the micro- and nanostructures of the aragonitic needles. Our findings showed that even inactivated fungal mycelium, if present in the crystallization environment, can serve as a template for the formation of high-aspect ratio fibers and can stabilize metastable polymorphs.
Topics: Calcium Carbonate; Crystallization; Mycelium
PubMed: 31482938
DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01169b -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022Mycelium-bound composites (MBCs) are materials obtained by growing fungi on a ligno-cellulosic substrate which have various applications in packaging, furniture, and...
Mycelium-bound composites (MBCs) are materials obtained by growing fungi on a ligno-cellulosic substrate which have various applications in packaging, furniture, and construction industries. MBCs are particularly interesting as they are sustainable materials that can integrate into a circular economy model. Indeed, they can be subsequently grown, used, degraded, and re-grown. Integrating in a meaningful biocycle for our society therefore demands that MBCs fulfil antagonistic qualities which are to be at the same time durable and biodegradable. In this study, we conduct experiments using MBCs made from the fungus species Pleurotus ostreatus grown on bamboo microfibers substrate. By measuring the variations of the mechanical properties with time, we provide an experimental demonstration of a biocycle for such composites for in-door applications. We found that the biocycle can be as short as 5 months and that the use of sustainable coatings is critical to increase the durability of the composites while maintaining biodegradability. Although there are many scenarios of biocycles possible, this study shows a tangible proof-of-concept example and paves the way for optimization of the duration of each phase in the biocycle depending on the intended application and resource availability.
Topics: Pleurotus; Mycelium
PubMed: 36371524
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24070-3 -
Scientific Reports May 2024The ecological and economic benefits of mycelium composites offer a promising opportunity for supporting sustainable development in Africa. This study focuses on...
The ecological and economic benefits of mycelium composites offer a promising opportunity for supporting sustainable development in Africa. This study focuses on assessing the environmental impact of mycelium composites for building and construction (MCBs) by conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) in the context of Africa. It is demonstrated that the potential environmental impact of MCBs is substantially influenced by the use and source of electrical power for autoclaves, incubators, and ovens, making the culturing and post-processing phases the major environmental hotspots. The impact of MCB production is also relative to the energy mix of specific countries, being higher in countries that rely on fossil fuel energy (e.g., South Africa) and lower in those that rely more on renewable sources (e.g., Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC). Furthermore, the impact of MCB production is found to be sensitive to travel distance, suggesting that situating production facilities closer to agricultural, agro-industrial, and/or forestry waste sources could be more beneficial than interregional sourcing, for example. It is also demonstrated that MCBs have the potential to be a more ecologically sustainable alternative to some conventional construction materials (e.g., concrete) over an entire life cycle. Based on the insights obtained from this LCA, some recommendations have been proposed to address potential environmental repercussions pre-emptively and proactively: this is particularly important for nations, mainly in the Global South, that exhibit low resilience to climate change due to limited economic resources. Furthermore, with the rapid expansion of mycelium composite technology, there is a need to increase awareness about its potential environmental impact and, ultimately, to mitigate its potential contribution to pressing environmental concerns (e.g., global warming and climate change). Consequently, this study also adds to the existing body of literature on LCA studies, delineating key factors for consideration in future LCA studies and providing guidance for the sustainable establishment and expansion of this technology.
Topics: Mycelium; Africa; Construction Materials; Environment; Sustainable Development
PubMed: 38789584
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62561-7 -
Microbiology Spectrum Sep 2021Aspergillus oryzae is a safe filamentous fungus widely used in the food, medicine, and feed industries, but there is currently not enough research on the light response...
Aspergillus oryzae is a safe filamentous fungus widely used in the food, medicine, and feed industries, but there is currently not enough research on the light response of A. oryzae. In this study, 12 different light conditions were set and A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was continuously irradiated for 72 h to investigate the effect of light on mycelial growth and conidium production. Specifically, each light condition was the combination of one light wavelength (475, 520, or 630 nm) and one light intensity (20, 40, 60, or 80 μmol photon m s). The results show that mycelium growth was inhibited significantly by green light (wavelength of 520 nm and intensities of 20 and 60 μmol photon m s) and blue light (wavelength of 475 nm and intensity of 80 μmol photon m s). The production of conidia was suppressed only by blue light (wavelength of 475 nm and intensities of 40, 60, and 80 μmol photon m s), and those levels of inhibition increased when the intensity of blue light increased. When the strain was irradiated by blue light (80 μmol photon m s), the number of conidia was 57.4% less than that of the darkness group. However, within our set range of light intensities, A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was insensitive to red light (wavelength of 630 nm) in terms of mycelium growth and conidium production. Moreover, interaction effects between light wavelength and intensity were found to exist in terms of colony diameter and the number of conidia. This research investigated the light response of A. oryzae, which may provide a new method to regulate mixed strains in fermented foods by light. Studies on the monochromatic light response of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa have gone deep into the molecular mechanism. However, research methods for the light response of A. oryzae remain in the use of white light sources. In this study, we first demonstrated that A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was sensitive to light wavelength and intensity. We have observed that blue light inhibited its growth and sporulation and the inhibitory effect increased with intensity. This research not only adds new content to the study of the photoreaction of Aspergillus but also brings new possibilities for the use of light to regulate mixed strains and ultimately improve the flavor quality of fermented foods.
Topics: Aspergillus oryzae; Light; Mycelium; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 34346745
DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00213-21 -
Journal of Proteomics Jan 2014The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is a very damaging phytopathogen of wide host range and environmental persistence. It is difficult to control because of its...
UNLABELLED
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is a very damaging phytopathogen of wide host range and environmental persistence. It is difficult to control because of its genetic versatility, expressed in the many phenotypical differences among isolates. The genomes of the B. cinerea B05.10 and T4 strains have been recently sequenced, becoming a model system for necrotrophic pathogens, and thus opening new alternatives for functional genomics analysis. In this work, the mycelium and secreted proteome of six wild-type strains with different host range, and grown in liquid minimal medium, have been analyzed by using complementary gel-based (1-DE and 2-DE) and gel-free/label-free (nUPLC-MS(E)) approaches. We found differences in the protein profiles among strains belonging to both the mycelium and the secretome. A total of 47 and 51 variable proteins were identified in the mycelium and the secretome, respectively. Some of them, such as malate dehydrogenase or peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase from the mycelium, and endopolygalacturonase, aspartic protease or cerato-platanin protein from the secretome have been reported as virulence factors, which are involved in host-tissue invasion, pathogenicity or fungal development.
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is an important phytopathogen of wide host range and environmental persistence, causing substantial economic losses worldwide. In this work, the mycelium and secreted proteome of six B. cinerea wild-type strains with different host range have been analyzed by using complementary gel-based and gel-free/label-free approaches. Fungal genetic versatility was confirmed at the proteome level for both mycelium proteome and secreted proteins. A high number of hypothetical proteins with conserved domains related to toxin compounds or to unknown functions were identified, having qualitative differences among strains. The identification of hypothetical proteins suggests that the B. cinerea strains differ mostly in processes involved in adaptation to a particular environment or a growth condition, rather than in essential metabolic reactions. Proteomics can help in the identification of variable proteins related to the infection and colonization of host plant tissues, as well as of virulence and aggressiveness factors among different B. cinerea wild-type strains. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
Topics: Botrytis; Fungal Proteins; Genetic Variation; Genome, Fungal; Mycelium; Proteomics
PubMed: 23811051
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.022 -
Mycorrhiza Oct 2018Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first desert truffle species to be cultivated, the mycorrhizal plants being successfully produced by using both desert truffle spores...
Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first desert truffle species to be cultivated, the mycorrhizal plants being successfully produced by using both desert truffle spores and mycelia. However, it is more advisable to use mycelium than spores whenever possible and profitable. Given the low yields of mycelia obtained using traditional culture methods of this truffle, the medium composition was modified in an attempt to determine its nutritional requirements. For this, an assay involving response surface methodology was performed using Box-Behnken design to find the optimal parameters for the high production of mycelial biomass. The best results were obtained with glucose as carbon source, buffering the pH at 5 during culture, adding a pool of vitamins, and adjusting the optimal concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources of the MMN medium. Biomass production increased from 0.3 to 3 g L dry weight and productivity increased from 10.7 to 95.8 mg L day dry weight. The produced mycelium was able to colonize Helianthemum roots efficiently, providing more than 50% ectomycorrhizal colonization.
Topics: Ascomycota; Cistaceae; Mycelium; Mycorrhizae; Plant Roots
PubMed: 30238152
DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0867-3 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2019is a medicinal mushroom that contains many molecules promising a plethora of therapeutic properties. In this study, the strain H.e.2 (MicUNIPV, University of Pavia,...
is a medicinal mushroom that contains many molecules promising a plethora of therapeutic properties. In this study, the strain H.e.2 (MicUNIPV, University of Pavia, Italy) was isolated from a sporophore collected in Tuscany (Italy). Mycelium, primordium, and wild type and cultivated sporophores were analyzed by HPLC-UV-ESI/MS. Erinacine A in the mycelium and hericenones C and D in the sporophores were quantified by comparison with their standard molecules. For the first time, primordium was also investigated for the presence of these molecules. Comparing with the literature data, hericenes, molecules structurally similar to hericenones, were present in all our samples. The highest contents of hericenones C and D were detected in cultivated sporophores, compared to the wild type. The comparison of these data with those of another Italian strain (H.e.1 MicUNIPV) was discussed. The results led us to select strains more suitable for mycelium production or sporophore cultivation to obtain extracts with a higher content of bioactive compounds. This work provides a further step towards standardizing the procedures in the development of dietary supplements made from mushrooms.
Topics: Agaricales; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Molecular Structure; Mycelium; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 31569709
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193511 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2022Living substrates are capable for nontrivial mappings of electrical signals due to the substrate nonlinear electrical characteristics. This property can be used to...
Living substrates are capable for nontrivial mappings of electrical signals due to the substrate nonlinear electrical characteristics. This property can be used to realise Boolean functions. Input logical values are represented by amplitude or frequency of electrical stimuli. Output logical values are decoded from electrical responses of living substrates. We demonstrate how logical circuits can be implemented in mycelium bound composites. The mycelium bound composites (fungal materials) are getting growing recognition as building, packaging, decoration and clothing materials. Presently the fungal materials are passive. To make the fungal materials adaptive, i.e. sensing and computing, we should embed logical circuits into them. We demonstrate experimental laboratory prototypes of many-input Boolean functions implemented in fungal materials from oyster fungi P. ostreatus. We characterise complexity of the functions discovered via complexity of the space-time configurations of one-dimensional cellular automata governed by the functions. We show that the mycelium bound composites can implement representative functions from all classes of cellular automata complexity including the computationally universal. The results presented will make an impact in the field of unconventional computing, experimental demonstration of purposeful computing with fungi, and in the field of intelligent materials, as the prototypes of computing mycelium bound composites.
Topics: Algorithms; Fungi; Mycelium; Smart Materials
PubMed: 36151275
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20080-3 -
Biotechnology Progress 2013The commercial value of Terfezia claveryi, an edible desert truffle with important gastronomic, nutritional, and antioxidant properties, has led to growing interest in...
The commercial value of Terfezia claveryi, an edible desert truffle with important gastronomic, nutritional, and antioxidant properties, has led to growing interest in its cultivation. The erratic and slow growth of T. claveryi mycelium in vitro represents an impairment to obtain mycorrhizal plants, and it makes necessary to find a new culture medium able to overcome these drawbacks. In this work, we analyze the effect of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the growth of T. claveryi mycelium. Different parameters, including colony diameter, growth rate, and colony fresh weight, were evaluated, both in the presence and absence of these encapsulant agents. The results obtained confirm the ability of CDs to stimulate the growth of T. claveryi mycelium when present in the culture medium. A similar effect was observed when CDs were added to the culture medium of Tuber melanosporum. Three natural (α-, β-, and γ) and two modified (hydroxypropil-β and methyl-β) CDs were assayed. The best results were obtained with β-cyclodextrin, but no improvement was observed with its chemically modified derivatives. CDs complex the different compounds present in the culture medium which impair mycelial growth.
Topics: Ascomycota; Culture Media; Cyclodextrins; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mycelium
PubMed: 23925928
DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1791