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Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2015Pleurotus ostreatus is able to bioaccumulate several metals in its cell structures; however, there are no reports on its capacity to bioaccumulate iron. The objective of...
Pleurotus ostreatus is able to bioaccumulate several metals in its cell structures; however, there are no reports on its capacity to bioaccumulate iron. The objective of this study was to evaluate cultivation variables to increase iron bioaccumulation in P. ostreatus mycelium. A full factorial design and a central composite design were utilized to evaluate the effect of the following variables: nitrogen and carbon sources, pH and iron concentration in the solid culture medium to produce iron bioaccumulated in mycelial biomass. The maximum production of P. ostreatus mycelial biomass was obtained with yeast extract at 2.96 g of nitrogen L (-1) and glucose at 28.45 g L (-1) . The most important variable to bioaccumulation was the iron concentration in the cultivation medium. Iron concentration at 175 mg L (-1) or higher in the culture medium strongly inhibits the mycelial growth. The highest iron concentration in the mycelium was 3500 mg kg (-1) produced with iron addition of 300 mg L (-1) . The highest iron bioaccumulation in the mycelium was obtained in culture medium with 150 mg L (-1) of iron. Iron bioaccumulation in P. ostreatus mycelium is a potential alternative to produce non-animal food sources of iron.
Topics: Biomass; Carbon; Culture Media; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron; Mycelium; Nitrogen; Pleurotus
PubMed: 26221108
DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838246120130695 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2020An in vivo whole-plant bi-dimensional experimental system has been devised and tested with different host plants, in order to obtain extraradical mycelium (ERM) produced...
An in vivo whole-plant bi-dimensional experimental system has been devised and tested with different host plants, in order to obtain extraradical mycelium (ERM) produced by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In this system, a host plant germling is inoculated with AMF to establish mycorrhizal symbiosis, and, after colonization, newly formed extraradical hyphae and spores are removed. Then the mycorrhizal root system is wrapped in a nylon net and placed between membranes in a Petri dish, allowing ERM to grow on the membrane surface. Such extraradical hyphae may be used for in situ morphometric analyses or collected for molecular or biochemical assays: in the latter case, the plant with its root sandwich may be reassembled to renew mycelium production. In this experimental system, which was tested with diverse host plant species and lines, values of explored membrane surface areas and densities of ERM showed wide ranges of variation, and its length ranged from 9.7 ± 2.0 to 48.8 ± 9.9 m per plant, depending on host and AMF identity. Across the different plant-AMF combinations tested, the whole-plant system produced 2.0 ± 0.6 to 5.3 ± 0.3 mg of ERM fresh biomass per plant per harvest. This experimental system can be used for a wide range of AMF and host plants species, either establishing arbuscular mycorrhizas or other mycorrhizal interactions. ERM produced and collected in the whole-plant system is suitable for morphological, physiological, and molecular analyses, facilitating studies on the different aspects of mycorrhizal symbiotic interactions.
Topics: Culture Techniques; Hyphae; Mycelium; Mycorrhizae; Plant Roots; Plants; Symbiosis
PubMed: 32415593
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0603-2_3 -
Environmental Microbiology Reports Jun 2024Microorganisms in the rhizosphere, particularly arbuscular mycorrhiza, have a broad symbiotic relationship with their host plants. One of the major fungi isolated from... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Microorganisms in the rhizosphere, particularly arbuscular mycorrhiza, have a broad symbiotic relationship with their host plants. One of the major fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of Peucedanum praeruptorum is Penicillium restrictum. The relationship between the metabolites of P. restrictum and the root exudates of P. praeruptorum is being investigated. The accumulation of metabolites in the mycelium and fermentation broth of P. restrictum was analysed over different fermentation periods. Non-targeted metabolomics was used to compare the differences in intracellular and extracellular metabolites over six periods. There were significant differences in the content and types of mycelial metabolites during the incubation. Marmesin, an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of coumarins, was found in the highest amount on the fourth day of incubation. The differential metabolites were screened to obtain 799 intracellular and 468 extracellular differential metabolites. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that the highly enriched extracellular metabolic pathways were alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. In addition, the enrichment analysis associated with intracellular and extracellular ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins revealed that some ATP-binding cassette transporters may be involved in the transportation of certain amino acids and carbohydrates. Our results provide some theoretical basis for the regulatory mechanisms between the rhizosphere and the host plant and pave the way for the heterologous production of furanocoumarin.
Topics: Rhizosphere; Mycelium; Penicillium; Fermentation; Plant Roots; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Soil Microbiology; Metabolic Networks and Pathways
PubMed: 38844388
DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13286 -
PloS One 2014Tuber magnatum produces the world's most expensive truffle. This fungus produces very rare ectomycorrhizas which are difficult or even impossible to detect in the field....
Tuber magnatum produces the world's most expensive truffle. This fungus produces very rare ectomycorrhizas which are difficult or even impossible to detect in the field. A "real-time" PCR assay was recently developed to quantify and to track T. magnatum mycelium in soil. Here, this technique was used to investigate the spatial distribution of T. magnatum extra-radical mycelium in soil productive patches and its dynamic across seasons. This study was carried out in four different natural T. magnatum truffle grounds located in different Italian regions. During the fruiting seasons, the amount of T. magnatum mycelium was significantly higher around the fruiting points and decreased going farther away from them. Moreover, T. magnatum mycelium inside the productive patches underwent seasonal fluctuations. In early spring, the amount of T. magnatum mycelium was significantly higher than in summer. In summer, probably due to the hot and dry season, T. magnatum mycelium significantly decreased, whereas in autumn it increased again and was concentrated at the putative fruiting points. These results give new insights on T. magnatum ecology and are useful to plan the most appropriate sampling strategy for evaluating the management of a truffle ground.
Topics: Ascomycota; DNA, Fungal; Mycelium; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seasons; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 25535741
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115921 -
BMC Genomics Feb 2019Lentinula edodes is one of the most popular edible mushroom species in the world and contains useful medicinal components, such as lentinan. The light-induced formation... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Lentinula edodes is one of the most popular edible mushroom species in the world and contains useful medicinal components, such as lentinan. The light-induced formation of brown film on the vegetative mycelial tissues of L. edodes is an important process for ensuring the quantity and quality of this edible mushroom. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this critical developmental process in L. edodes, we characterized the morphological phenotypic changes in a strain, Chamaram, associated with abnormal brown film formation and compared its genome-wide transcriptional features.
RESULTS
In the present study, we performed genome-wide transcriptome analyses of different vegetative mycelium growth phenotypes, namely, early white, normal brown, and defective dark yellow partial brown films phenotypes which were exposed to different light conditions. The analysis revealed the identification of clusters of genes specific to the light-induced brown film phenotypes. These genes were significantly associated with light sensing via photoreceptors such as FMN- and FAD-bindings, signal transduction by kinases and GPCRs, melanogenesis via activation of tyrosinases, and cell wall degradation by glucanases, chitinases, and laccases, which suggests these processes are involved in the formation of mycelial browning in L. edodes. Interestingly, hydrophobin genes such as SC1 and SC3 exhibited divergent expression levels in the normal and abnormal brown mycelial films, indicating the ability of these genes to act in fruiting body initiation and formation of dikaryotic mycelia. Furthermore, we identified the up-regulation of glycoside hydrolase domain-containing genes in the normal brown film but not in the abnormal film phenotype, suggesting that cell wall degradation in the normal brown film phenotype is crucial in the developmental processes related to the initiation and formation of fruiting bodies.
CONCLUSIONS
This study systematically analysed the expression patterns of light-induced browning-related genes in L. edodes. Our findings provide information for further investigations of browning formation mechanisms in L. edodes and a foundation for future L. edodes breeding.
Topics: Gene Expression Profiling; Genes, Fungal; Lentinula; Light; Mycelium; Phenotype; Pigmentation
PubMed: 30736734
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5509-4 -
Chemosphere Jan 2021The objective of the study was to assess the applicability of the mycelium obtained from the in vitro cultures of nontoxic bracket fungus, Pleurotus eryngii, to...
The objective of the study was to assess the applicability of the mycelium obtained from the in vitro cultures of nontoxic bracket fungus, Pleurotus eryngii, to sulfonamides mycodegradation. Samples containing one of the six selected sulfonamides, sulfanilamide derivatives, were incubated with the mycelium of P. eryngii for 7 and 14 days in vitro. Subsequently, change in the sulfonamide concentration was assessed in the samples using the UPLC-QTof. The transformation products were identified based on monoisotopic molecular mass and fragmentation spectra. The studied sulfonamides did not inhibit the growth of P. eryngii mycelium in the in vitro cultures. In addition, a considerable reduction of sulfonamide concentration was observed in all the incubated samples (from 73.7 ± 8.3% to 99.8 ± 0.3%). In the case of three sulfonamides, the reduction in concentration >90% occurred after 7 days of incubation. However, the transformation of sulfonamides was partially caused by their degradation to simpler organic compounds. After incubation, the products of condensation of sulfonamides with formyl, acyl, and sugar groups, and amino acid-derived compounds were identified in the samples. This indicated the partially reversible nature of the mycodegradation process.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Biomass; Carbohydrates; Environmental Pollutants; Models, Theoretical; Mycelium; Pleurotus; Sulfonamides
PubMed: 33182090
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128026 -
Advances in Applied Microbiology 2010Because of their metabolic diversity, high production capacity, secretion efficiency, and capability of carrying out posttranslational modifications, filamentous fungi... (Review)
Review
Because of their metabolic diversity, high production capacity, secretion efficiency, and capability of carrying out posttranslational modifications, filamentous fungi are widely exploited as efficient cell factories in the production of metabolites, bioactive substances, and native or heterologous proteins, respectively. There is, however, a complex relationship between the morphology of these microorganisms, transport phenomena, the viscosity of the cultivation broth, and related productivity. The morphological characteristics vary between freely dispersed mycelia and distinct pellets of aggregated biomass, every growth form having a distinct influence on broth rheology. Hence, the advantages and disadvantages for mycelial or pellet cultivation have to be balanced out carefully. Because of the still inadequate understanding of the morphogenesis of filamentous microorganisms, fungal morphology is often a bottleneck of productivity in industrial production. To obtain an optimized production process, it is of great importance to gain a better understanding of the molecular and cell biology of these microorganisms as well as the relevant approaches in biochemical engineering. In this chapter, morphology and growth of filamentous fungi are described, with special attention given to specific problems as they arise from fungal growth forms; growth and mass transfer in fungal biopellets are discussed as an example. To emphasize the importance of the flow behavior of filamentous cultivation broths, an introduction to rheology is also given, reviewing important rheological models and recent studies concerning rheological parameters. Furthermore, current knowledge on morphology and productivity in relation to the environom is outlined in the last section of this review.
Topics: Biomass; Bioreactors; Fungi; Industrial Microbiology; Mycelium; Rheology; Viscosity
PubMed: 20602989
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2164(10)72004-9 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2014The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high selenium (Se) concentrations on morphophysiological and ultrastructural properties of Pleurotus ostreatus....
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high selenium (Se) concentrations on morphophysiological and ultrastructural properties of Pleurotus ostreatus. Mycelium growth was good in media enriched with 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg L(-1) of Se, concentration of 500.0 mg L(-1) strongly inhibited growth, and 1000.0 mg L(-1) was the minimum inhibitory concentration. Contrary to thin-walled, hyaline, branched, and anastomized hyphae with clamp-connections in the control, at Se concentrations of 100.0 and 500.0 mg L(-1), they were noticeably short, frequently septed and branched, with a more intensive extracellular matrix, and without clamp-connections. At high Se concentrations, hyphae with intact membrane, without cellular contents, with a high level of vacuolization, and with numerous proteinaceous bodies were observed. Biomass yield ranged between 11.8 g L(-1), in the control, and 6.8 g L(-1), at an Se concentration of 100.0 mg L(-1), while no production was detected at a concentration of 500.0 mg L(-1). Se content in the mycelia reached a peak (938.9 μg g(-1)) after cultivation in the medium enriched with Se at the concentration of 20.0 mg L(-1), while the highest absorption level (53.25%) was found in the medium enriched with 5.0 mg L(-1) Se.
Topics: Absorption, Physiological; Biomass; Mycelium; Pleurotus; Selenium
PubMed: 25003145
DOI: 10.1155/2014/681834 -
Current Microbiology May 2024The fungus Monascus is a well-known source of secondary metabolites with interesting pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. In particular, Monascus pigments...
The fungus Monascus is a well-known source of secondary metabolites with interesting pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. In particular, Monascus pigments possess a wide range of biological activities (e.g. antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antitumoral). To broaden the scope of their possible application, this study focused on testing Monascus pigment extracts as potential photosensitizing agents efficient in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against bacteria. For this purpose, eight different extracts of secondary metabolites from the liquid- and solid-state fermentation of Monascus purpureus DBM 4360 and Monascus sp. DBM 4361 were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative model bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and further screened for ESKAPE pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To the bacterial culture, increasing concentration of extracts was added and it was found that all extracts showed varying antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in dark, which was further increased after irradiation. Gram-negative bacteria were tolerant to the extracts' exposure in the dark but sensitivity to almost all extracts that occurred after irradiation. The Monascus sp. DBM 4361 extracts seemed to be the best potential candidate for aPDT against Gram-positive bacteria, being efficient at low doses, i.e. the lowest total concentration of Monascus pigments exhibiting aPDT effect was 3.92 ± 1.36 mg/L for E. coli. Our results indicate that Monascus spp., forming monascuspiloin as the major yellow pigment and not-forming mycotoxin citrinin, is a promising source of antimicrobials and photoantimicrobials.
Topics: Monascus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mycelium; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Photosensitizing Agents; Biological Products; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Complex Mixtures; Pigments, Biological; Photochemotherapy
PubMed: 38771359
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03725-6 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2017Lectins are proteins of a nonimmunoglobulin nature that are capable of specific recognition of and reversible binding to the carbohydrate moieties of complex... (Review)
Review
Lectins are proteins of a nonimmunoglobulin nature that are capable of specific recognition of and reversible binding to the carbohydrate moieties of complex carbohydrates, without altering the covalent structure of any of the recognized glycosyl ligands. They have a broad range of biological activities important for the functioning of the cell and the whole organism and, owing to the high specificity of reversible binding to carbohydrates, are valuable tools used widely in biology and medicine. Lectins can be produced by many living organisms, including basidiomycetes. Whereas lectins from the fruit bodies of basidiomycetes have been studied sufficiently well, mycelial lectins remain relatively unexplored. Here, we review and comparatively analyze what is currently known about lectins isolated from the vegetative mycelium of macrobasidiomycetes, including their localization, properties, and carbohydrate specificities. Particular attention is given to the physiological role of mycelial lectins in fungal growth and development.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Fungal Proteins; Lectins; Mycelium
PubMed: 28640205
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071334