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Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine Oct 2020Corona discharge from multiple needles at an electrical potential of 5 kV generated by a Van de Graff generator increased the growth rate of the mycelium of tiger's milk...
Corona discharge from multiple needles at an electrical potential of 5 kV generated by a Van de Graff generator increased the growth rate of the mycelium of tiger's milk mushroom by 10.3% at the end of the first eight days. A similar growth rate enhancement was observed for the next eight days as well. Mycelium of tiger's milk mushroom was cultured on agar media in Petri dish for five days prior to the exposure to various forms of electrical stimulations. The direct current injection (1.1-1.3 A) to the growing medium, application of an electric potential to the growing environment at low strength (30 V) and high strength (5 kV) with single and multiple needles showed varying degrees of success. This suggests that the mycelium of tiger's milk mushroom could positively be stimulated by specific electrical stimulation techniques with selected parameters. This will pave the way to a highly beneficial growth enhancement technique that can be up-scaled to apply in mass production of mushroom.
Topics: Electric Stimulation; Mycelium; Needles; Polyporaceae
PubMed: 32878496
DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1812080 -
Biotechnology and Bioengineering Dec 2002Spores, although often considered metabolically inert, catalyze a variety of reactions. The use of spores instead of mycelium for bioconversions has several advantages.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Spores, although often considered metabolically inert, catalyze a variety of reactions. The use of spores instead of mycelium for bioconversions has several advantages. In this paper, we describe the difference in susceptibility of mycelium and spores against toxic substrates and products. A higher resistance of spores toward the toxic effects of bioconversion substrates and products is an advantage that has not been studied in detail until now. This paper shows that spores of Penicillium digitatum ATCC 201167 are on average over 2.5 times more resistant than mycelium toward the toxicity of substrates, intermediates, and products of the geraniol bioconversion pathway. Furthermore, the higher resistance of spores to citral was shown as an advantage in its biotransformation by P. digitatum. Using three different approaches the toxicity of the compounds were tested. The order of toxicity toward P. digitatum was, starting with the most toxic, citral > nerol/geraniol > geranic acid > methylheptenone >> acetaldehyde.
Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Biotransformation; Cell Division; Colony Count, Microbial; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Lethal Dose 50; Monoterpenes; Mycelium; Penicillium; Sensitivity and Specificity; Species Specificity; Spores, Fungal; Terpenes
PubMed: 12378610
DOI: 10.1002/bit.10435 -
FEMS Microbiology Letters Mar 2008Some naturally occurring strains of fungi cease growing through successive subculturing, i.e., they senesce. In Neurospora, senescing strains usually contain... (Review)
Review
Some naturally occurring strains of fungi cease growing through successive subculturing, i.e., they senesce. In Neurospora, senescing strains usually contain intramitochondrial linear or circular plasmids. An entire plasmid or its part(s) integrates into the mtDNA, causing insertional mutagenesis. The functionally defective mitochondria replicate faster than the wild-type mitochondria and spread through interconnected hyphal cells. Senescence could also be due to spontaneous lethal nuclear gene mutations arising in the multinucleated mycelium. However, their phenotypic effects remain masked until the nuclei segregate into a homokaryotic spore, and the spore germinates to form a mycelium that is incapable of extended culturing. Ultimately the growth of a fungal colony ceases due to dysfunctional oxidative phosphorylation. Results with senescing nuclear mutants or growth-impaired cytoplasmic mutants suggest that mtDNA is inherently unstable, requiring protection by as yet unidentified nuclear-gene-encoded factors for normal functioning. Interestingly, these results are in accord with the endosymbiotic theory of origin of eukaryotic cells.
Topics: Cellular Senescence; DNA, Fungal; Mycelium; Neurospora; Plasmids
PubMed: 18093134
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01027.x -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Dec 2018Vanadate is proposed to play a pivotal role in application of edible fungus Coprinus comatus for medical purposes. In this study the concentration of extracellular...
Vanadate is proposed to play a pivotal role in application of edible fungus Coprinus comatus for medical purposes. In this study the concentration of extracellular vanadate acceptable for the submerged cultivation of C. comatus mycelium was established. The mycelium could grow, and overcome vanadate toxic effects, up to the concentration of 3.3 mM. Moreover, in this condition, at the end of the exponential phase of growth, biomass yield was almost identical to that in the control. P NMR spectroscopy showed that addition of 10 mM vanadate to the mycelium in the exponential phase of growth provoked instantaneous increase of a sugar phosphates level which could be related to changes in activities of glycolytic enzymes. Exposure to higher vanadate concentration was toxic for the cell. V NMR measurements revealed that monomer of vanadate is present in the cytoplasm causing the metabolic changes. C. comatus has also capacity for vanadate reduction, as shown by EPR measurements, but vanadyl uptake is significantly less comparing to vanadate.
Topics: Biological Transport; Coprinus; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mycelium; Vanadates
PubMed: 30262298
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.07.017 -
Fungal Biology Nov 2018Unlike most bioluminescent fungi, mycelia of Armillaria and Desarmillaria are constitutively bioluminescent while mature mushrooms are not. The absence of the luciferin,...
Unlike most bioluminescent fungi, mycelia of Armillaria and Desarmillaria are constitutively bioluminescent while mature mushrooms are not. The absence of the luciferin, 3-hydroxyhispidin, and its precursor hispidin in mature mushrooms have been proposed to explain the lack of bioluminescence from Armillaria mushrooms. Using three North American species, A. gallica, A. mellea and D. tabescens (syn., Armillaria tabescens), we documented a decline in luminescence of ten fold during the transition from mycelia to, immature mushrooms (i.e., pins) for the two Armillaria species. As pins matured, luminescence declined by an additional two or three orders of magnitude. Lower initial luminescence of D. tabescens mycelia declined to negligible levels during mushroom development. Further, light production was localized in the gills and lower stipe of A. mellea mushrooms. The decline in luminescence during mushroom formation was reversed by addition of hispidin to stipe or gills which significantly enhanced luminescence by one and three orders of magnitude, respectively. We conclude that the modulation of Armillaria and Desarmillaria luminescence is achieved by luciferin availability early in mushroom development. However, since the temporal regulation of bioluminescence differs between Armillaria species and other genera, we conclude that bioluminescence in Armillaria is under unique selective pressures.
Topics: Agaricales; Armillaria; Luminescence; Luminescent Measurements; Mycelium; Pyrones
PubMed: 30342622
DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.08.007 -
Natural Product Communications Mar 2017A new cyclodepsipeptide, isarin (1), was isolated from the insect pathogenic fungus Isaria japonica Yasuda, together with one known compound, beauveriolide 1 (2). The...
A new cyclodepsipeptide, isarin (1), was isolated from the insect pathogenic fungus Isaria japonica Yasuda, together with one known compound, beauveriolide 1 (2). The structure of this new compound was characterized using a combination of spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses.
Topics: Ascomycota; Depsipeptides; Mycelium; Vietnam
PubMed: 30549889
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Environmental Biology Jul 2009The present study presents the development of mycelium of Morchella conica where different concentration of sucrose added at different agar media. For this sucrose have... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The present study presents the development of mycelium of Morchella conica where different concentration of sucrose added at different agar media. For this sucrose have been added as 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25% concentration to wheat agar potato dextrose agar malt extract agar and complete medium yeast agar The radial growth speed, morphologic specifications, radial growth radius and pigmentation of mycelium were taken as criteria, the development period of mycelium in wheat agar was completed in 4 days and mycelium were very thin. The colonization period of the mycelium was determined; 7 days in potato dextrose agar 5 days in malt extract agar and 5 days at complete medium yeast agar. The development of the mycelium; at potato dextrose agar was dense and circular; at malt extract agar and at completed medium yeast agar was rhizomorphic. Mycelium has developed very well at sucrose medium and formed creamy and light yellow pigmentation.
Topics: Agar; Ascomycota; Culture Media; Mycelium; Sucrose; Tissue Culture Techniques
PubMed: 20120503
DOI: No ID Found -
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Mar 2017The possibility of reduction of vanadate monomer in the mycelium of fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus was investigated in this study by means of polarography. Control...
The possibility of reduction of vanadate monomer in the mycelium of fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus was investigated in this study by means of polarography. Control experiments were performed with vanadyl [V(IV)] and vanadate [V(V)] in 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.2. Addition of P. blakesleeanus mycelium resulted in disappearance of all V(IV) polarographic waves recorded in the control. This points to the uptake of all available V(IV) by the mycelium, up to 185 µmol/g, and suggests P. blakesleeanus as a potential agent in V(IV) bioremediation. Polarographic measurements of mycelium with low concentrations (0.1-1 mM) of V(V), that only allows the presence of monomer, showed that fungal mycelia removes around 27% of V(V) from the extracellular solution. Uptake was saturated at 104 ± 2 µmol/g which indicates excellent bioaccumulation capability of P. blakesleeanus. EPR, V NMR and polarographic experiments showed no indications of any measurable extracellular complexation of V(V) monomer with fungal exudates, reduction by the mycelium or adsorption to the cell wall. Therefore, in contrast to vanadium oligomers, vanadate monomer interactions with the mycelium are restricted to its transport into the fungal cell, probably by a phosphate transporter.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Biological Transport; Cell Wall; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mycelium; Oxidation-Reduction; Phycomyces; Polarography; Solutions; Vanadates
PubMed: 27896685
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0808-0 -
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences... Dec 2013Abstract: The effects of temperatures 22, 28, 32, 36 and 40 degrees C and those of pH 5, 6.5 and 6 were evaluated on 11 isolates of P. sorghina on malt agar medium. The... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Abstract: The effects of temperatures 22, 28, 32, 36 and 40 degrees C and those of pH 5, 6.5 and 6 were evaluated on 11 isolates of P. sorghina on malt agar medium. The optimal mycelium growth of the most isolates is noted at 28 degrees C. At 32 degrees C, we have recorded a significant reduction of mycelium growth of all the isolates tested when compared with the control at 22 degrees C. At this same temperature, P. sorghina isolates can be group on sensitive isolates, on moderately isolates and on resistant isolates to temperature. The mycelium growth of all the isolates is inhibited at 36 degrees C. On the other hand, the temperature of 40 degrees C kills the mycelium of all the isolates of P. sorghina. The results of our work also show that, least variation of pH (6.5-6) significantly reduced the mycelium growth of P. sorghina isolates at 22 and 28 degrees C. At pH 5 most of the isolates tested are well adapted and the mycelium growth is more important when compare with that at pH 6.
Topics: Ascomycota; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mycelium; Temperature
PubMed: 24517029
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.2054.2057 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Jan 2014Changes of plant cell wall carbohydrate structures occurring during the process to make suitable compost for growth of Agaricus bisporus are unknown. In this paper,...
Changes of plant cell wall carbohydrate structures occurring during the process to make suitable compost for growth of Agaricus bisporus are unknown. In this paper, composition and carbohydrate structures in compost samples collected during composting and mycelium growth were analyzed. Furthermore, different extracts of compost samples were prepared with water, 1M and 4M alkali and analyzed. At the beginning of composting, 34% and after 16 days of mycelium growth 27% of dry matter was carbohydrates. Carbohydrate composition analysis showed that mainly cellulose and poorly substituted xylan chains with similar amounts and ratios of xylan building blocks were present in all phases studied. Nevertheless, xylan solubility increased 20% over the period of mycelium growth indicating partial degradation of xylan backbone. Apparently, degradation of carbohydrates occurred over the process studied by both bacteria and fungi, mainly having an effect on xylan-chain length and solubility.
Topics: Agaricus; Carbohydrates; Cell Wall; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mycelium; Soil; Water
PubMed: 24299775
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.050