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Mycorrhiza Jul 2013A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) marker Ta0 with hydrolysis probe ("TaqMan"), targeted to the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, has been...
A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) marker Ta0 with hydrolysis probe ("TaqMan"), targeted to the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, has been developed for quantification of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) mycelium. Gene copy concentrations determined by the qPCR were calibrated against pure culture mycelium of T. aestivum, enabling quantification of the mycelium in soil and in host roots from the fields. Significant concentrations of the fungus were observed not only in the finest roots with ectomycorrhizae but also in other root types, indicating that the fungus is an important component of the microbial film at the root surface. The concentration of T. aestivum in soil is relatively high compared to other ectomycorrhizal fungi. To evaluate the reliability of the measurement of the soil mycelium density using qPCR, the steady basal extracellular concentration of the stabilized T. aestivum DNA should be known and taken into account. Therefore, we addressed the stability of the qPCR signal in soil subjected to different treatments. After the field soil was sieved, regardless of whether it was dried/rewetted or not, the T. aestivum DNA was quickly decomposed. It took just about 4 days to reach a steady concentration. This represents a conserved pool of T. aestivum DNA and determines detection limit of the qPCR quantification in our case. When the soil was autoclaved and recolonized by saprotrophic microorganisms, this conserved DNA pool was eliminated and the soil became free of T. aestivum DNA.
Topics: Ascomycota; DNA, Fungal; Mycelium; Mycorrhizae; Plant Roots; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 23271632
DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0475-6 -
Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces Apr 2007We studied the immobilization of a mycelium (Aspergillus niger) using the working hypothesis as follows: (a) when polycation was added to the cell suspension, a few...
We studied the immobilization of a mycelium (Aspergillus niger) using the working hypothesis as follows: (a) when polycation was added to the cell suspension, a few parts of it would bind on the surface of a hypha, allowing to gather the hyphae in part but not all; (b) upon further addition of polyanion, such a gathering of the hyphae is tightly bunched by the polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) which is resulted from the remaining polycation; (c) as a result, a mycelium with partially bunched hyphae can be obtained. Potassium poly(vinyl alcohol) sulfate and trimethylammonium glycol chitosan iodide [6-O-(2-hydroxyethyl-2-(trimethylamonio)-chitosan iodide) were used as the polyanion and the polycation, respectively. The optical and electron microscopic analyses showed that our immobilized cell contains many of PEC-bunched hyphae. The sedimentation rate increased with the weight ratio of PEC to dry cells and leveled off at the weight ratio larger than 0.5. The gluconic acid production from glucose was studied by a semi-large scale (1l) cultivation of the imobilized and free cells using a jar fermentor. It was found that an apparent specific activity of the immobilized cells for glucose oxidation becomes 1.44 times that of the free cells even at a high cell density of 40 g/l.
Topics: Adsorption; Aspergillus niger; Bioreactors; Chitosan; Electrolytes; Fermentation; Gluconates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hyphae; Kinetics; Models, Biological; Mycelium; Polyvinyls
PubMed: 17182227
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.11.011 -
Research in Microbiology Jan 2013The biological and chemical basis of vanadium action and transport in fungi is relatively poorly understood. In this study we investigated the interactions of vanadium...
The biological and chemical basis of vanadium action and transport in fungi is relatively poorly understood. In this study we investigated the interactions of vanadium in physiologically-relevant redox states: vanadate (+5) and vanadyl (+4), with mycelium of fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus using EPR and (31)P NMR spectroscopy and biochemical assays. We determined that P. blakesleeanus reduces V(5+) to V(4+) in the extracellular compartment by the means of cell surface enzyme with ferricyanide reductase activity, which contains molybdenum-molybdopterin as a cofactor. Both, V(5+) and V(4+) bind to cell wall. They enter the cytoplasm via phosphate transporter and cation channels, respectively, and exhibit different metabolic effects. Vanadate provokes increased biomass production, the effects being inverted to toxic at higher V(5+) concentrations. In addition, V(5+) activates the synthesis of sugar phosphates and oligophosphates. On the other hand, V(4+) exhibits toxic effects even at low concentrations. The V(4+) detoxification route involves binding to vacuolar polyphosphates. Altogether our results imply that the mechanism of interaction of vanadium with P. blakesleeanus involves three major steps: extracellular enzymatic V(5+)/V(4+) reduction, V(4+) influx, and vacuolar storage, with an additional step - V(5+) import occurring at higher vanadate concentrations.
Topics: Biological Transport; Enzyme Activation; Kinetics; Mycelium; Phycomyces; Vanadium
PubMed: 22992386
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.08.007 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2013The culinary-medicinal king oyster mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, was used to produce mycelia with high ergothioneine content using a one-factor-at-a-time method. The...
Submerged cultivation of mycelium with high ergothioneine content from the culinary-medicinal king oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (higher Basidiomycetes) and its composition.
The culinary-medicinal king oyster mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, was used to produce mycelia with high ergothioneine content using a one-factor-at-a-time method. The optimal culture conditions for mycelia harvested at day 14 were 25°C, 10% inoculation rate, 2% glucose, 0.5% yeast extract, and no adjustment to the initial pH value. With histidine or amino acid mix added, biomasses and the ergothioneine content of mycelia were higher than those of the control. The ergothioneine content of mycelia harvested at days 16-20 were higher than that of mycelia harvested at day 14. In addition, the ergothioneine content of mycelia from the fermentor (5.84-5.76 mg/g) was much higher than that of mycelia from the shaken flask (4.93-5.04 mg/g). Mycelia with high ergothioneine content showed a profile of proximate composition similar to that of regular mycelia but lost its characteristic umami taste. Overall, mycelia high in ergothioneine could be prepared by optimal culture conditions, the addition of precursors, prolonged harvest, and aeration in the fermentor.
Topics: Amino Acids; Biomass; Carbohydrates; Culture Techniques; Ergothioneine; Mycelium; Nucleotides; Pleurotus
PubMed: 23557367
DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushr.v15.i2.40 -
Mycologia 2011The conservation of rare fungal sites occurring on actively managed forest lands requires efficient site monitoring methods. In this study species-specific primers for...
The conservation of rare fungal sites occurring on actively managed forest lands requires efficient site monitoring methods. In this study species-specific primers for the putatively mycorrhizal Albatrellus ellisii (Russulales) were developed so that DNA extracted from soil samples at known sites of this fungus could be tested for the presence of A. ellisii mycelium with PCR. This method was used to measure seasonal changes in the levels of A. ellisii mycelium at three study sites while the utility of this monitoring method was assessed. We found that A. ellisii maintained a constant level of soil occupancy over three seasons, except at one site where mycelium abundance increased in the fall. No reduction in abundance was seen in the summer, although all three sites experienced significant summer drought. We found species-specific genetic marker detection to be an effective and practical method for monitoring the mycelial distribution of a target fungus in soil. The ability to obtain this data from rare fungal sites advances our capability to conserve these fungi, particularly within the managed forest landscape.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Conservation of Natural Resources; DNA Primers; DNA, Fungal; Ecosystem; Genetic Markers; Mycelium; Mycorrhizae; Oregon; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seasons; Soil Microbiology; Species Specificity; Trees
PubMed: 21482627
DOI: 10.3852/09-170 -
Journal of Biotechnology Jan 2013Filamentous fungi have been widely applied in industrial biotechnology for many decades. In submerged culture processes, they typically exhibit a complex morphological... (Review)
Review
Filamentous fungi have been widely applied in industrial biotechnology for many decades. In submerged culture processes, they typically exhibit a complex morphological life cycle that is related to production performance--a link that is of high interest for process optimization. The fungal forms can vary from dense spherical pellets to viscous mycelia. The resulting morphology has been shown to be influenced strongly by process parameters, including power input through stirring and aeration, mass transfer characteristics, pH value, osmolality and the presence of solid micro-particles. The surface properties of fungal spores and hyphae also play a role. Due to their high industrial relevance, the past years have seen a substantial development of tools and techniques to characterize the growth of fungi and obtain quantitative estimates on their morphological properties. Based on the novel insights available from such studies, more recent studies have been aimed at the precise control of morphology, i.e., morphology engineering, to produce superior bio-processes with filamentous fungi.
Topics: Bioengineering; Biotechnology; Fungi; Industrial Microbiology; Mycelium
PubMed: 22771505
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.06.024 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2016, one of the most popular mushroom species in the world, has been recognized as a useful model system to study the biochemical and physiological aspects of the formation...
, one of the most popular mushroom species in the world, has been recognized as a useful model system to study the biochemical and physiological aspects of the formation and elongation of fruit body. However, few reports have been published on the regulation of fruiting body formation in at the molecular level. In this study, a jacalin-related lectin gene from was characterized. The phylogenetic tree revealed that Fv-JRL1 clustered with other basidiomycete jacalin-like lectins. Moreover, the transcriptional pattern of the gene in different developmental stages of implied that could be important for formation of fruit body. Additionally, RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression analyses provided powerful evidence that the lectin gene from plays important roles in fruiting body formation.
Topics: Flammulina; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Lectins; Mycelium; Plant Lectins
PubMed: 27916794
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121884 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology May 2009To develop mathematical models for mycelium growth and ergosterol formation in conditions of periodic stationary culture; to verify possibilities of applying a model...
AIMS
To develop mathematical models for mycelium growth and ergosterol formation in conditions of periodic stationary culture; to verify possibilities of applying a model describing the relationship between ergosterol content and mycelium quantity.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The mould growth and ergosterol formation models covering all phases of mould growth are described using a modified logistic equation with the addition of an exponential function. The correlation between ergosterol and mycelium biomass depended on the growth phase of mould. Meaningful relation was obtained for initial two phases, when both parameters were growing equally. The quadratic function for estimation of the biomass based on ergosterol content was formulated. The error resulting from the application of this function in initial phases of moulds growth was small at 5-7%, in the following phases it was at 11-31%.
CONCLUSIONS
Mycelium biomass can be precisely determined basing on the ergosterol content, when we know the moulds growth phase. In natural environments, without the information about growth phases, it will be possible, but with the higher error.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Presented model based on the ergosterol content making possible to estimate the quantity of mycelium in moulds cultures and natural environments.
Topics: Biomass; Ergosterol; Fungi; Models, Biological; Models, Theoretical; Mycelium
PubMed: 19291213
DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02577.x -
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Jul 2014Cells that are part of a multicellular structure are typically embedded in an extracellular matrix, which is produced by the community members. These matrices, the... (Review)
Review
Cells that are part of a multicellular structure are typically embedded in an extracellular matrix, which is produced by the community members. These matrices, the composition of which is highly diverse between different species, are typically composed of large amounts of extracellular polymeric substances, including polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. The functions of all these matrices are diverse: they provide protection, mechanical stability, mediate adhesion to surfaces, regulate motility, and form a cohesive network in which cells are transiently immobilized. In this review we discuss the role of matrix components produced by streptomycetes during growth, development and attachment. Compared to other bacteria it appears that streptomycetes can form morphologically and functionally distinct matrices using a core set of building blocks.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Biopolymers; Cell Membrane; Mycelium; Streptomyces
PubMed: 24682579
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-014-0157-9 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Jul 2012Industrial enzymes are produced by submerged fermentation (SF) and by solid-state fermentation (SSF) to a lesser extent. Although SSF has several advantages, its... (Review)
Review
Industrial enzymes are produced by submerged fermentation (SF) and by solid-state fermentation (SSF) to a lesser extent. Although SSF has several advantages, its scale-up is difficult. The role of physiological and genetic properties of microorganisms growing attached to surfaces could explain the advantages of SSF. Filamentous fungi are naturally adapted to growth on surfaces and in these conditions they show a particular physiological behavior which is different from that in SF; thus, they also form biofilms. Fermentation by filamentous fungal biofilms (FFB) is a homogeneous production system within a liquid environment based on the infrastructure of the SF process with the productive efficiency of the SSF. Enzyme production levels of FFB are much higher than those obtained in SF and they are also amenable of mixed fungal cultivation. Transcriptomic and proteomic tools are used to uncover the fundamental biological issues behind FFB. Several genes encoding cellulolytic enzymes are either differentially expressed or overexpressed in FFB. Moreover, our proteomic studies of Aspergillus niger biofilms compared to SF indicate that many intracellular proteins are either differentially expressed or overexpressed. Clinically important fungi like A. fumigatus also form biofilms when they infect lungs and recent studies demonstrate same gene expression features. These results support our hypothesis of cell adhesion and its role in the new schemes for improved fermentative production of industrial enzymes.
Topics: Aspergillus; Biofilms; Cells, Immobilized; Fungi; Industry; Mycelium
PubMed: 22350934
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9555-5