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FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jul 2007Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form mutualistic symbioses with many tree species and are regarded as key organisms in nutrient and carbon cycles in forest ecosystems. Our... (Review)
Review
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form mutualistic symbioses with many tree species and are regarded as key organisms in nutrient and carbon cycles in forest ecosystems. Our appreciation of their roles in these processes is hampered by a lack of understanding of their soil-borne mycelial systems. These mycelia represent the vegetative thalli of ECM fungi that link carbon-yielding tree roots with soil nutrients, yet we remain largely ignorant of their distribution, dynamics and activities in forest soils. In this review we consider information derived from investigations of fruiting bodies, ECM root tips and laboratory-based microcosm studies, and conclude that these provide only limited insights into soil-borne ECM mycelial communities. Recent advances in understanding soil-borne mycelia of ECM fungi have arisen from the combined use of molecular technologies and novel field experimentation. These approaches have the potential to provide unprecedented insights into the functioning of ECM mycelia at the ecosystem level, particularly in the context of land-use changes and global climate change.
Topics: Biomass; Carbon Dioxide; DNA, Fungal; Ecosystem; Fungi; Mycelium; Mycorrhizae; Plant Roots; Soil Microbiology; Trees
PubMed: 17466031
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00073.x -
Mycorrhiza Nov 2005This study presents a novel method for the extraction and quantification of extraradical mycelium (ERM) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from a substrate that...
This study presents a novel method for the extraction and quantification of extraradical mycelium (ERM) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from a substrate that simulates soil better than previously used artificial growth media. Fungal compartments were constructed from small net pots with a latticed wall and filled with a mixture of glass beads and 40 microm wet sieved soil. The net pots were surrounded by a 30-microm mesh membrane through which hyphae but not roots could grow. They were inserted into soil where a Glomus intraradices (BEG 110) colonized potato plant was growing. The ERM that had grown out from roots through the membrane was successfully collected and quantified after harvest by washing out the soil/glass bead mixture through a sieve with a mesh width of 40 microm. Concentrations of P, Zn, Cu and Mn in the AMF ERM were analysed.
Topics: Copper; Glass; Manganese; Mycelium; Mycorrhizae; Phosphorus; Plant Roots; Soil Microbiology; Zinc
PubMed: 15815921
DOI: 10.1007/s00572-005-0361-6 -
Antibiotiki I Khimioterapiia =... 2016The review concerns discussion of certain aspects of growth and development of streptomycetes, that have an adaptation meaning for their existence under natural... (Review)
Review
The review concerns discussion of certain aspects of growth and development of streptomycetes, that have an adaptation meaning for their existence under natural conditions and reflect our perception of them as procaryotes which have a range of qualities typical of multicellular organisms. At present, the concept of multicellularity is the key idea in investigation of growth processes, differentiation and physiology of streptomycetes. Streptomyces olivocinereus is presented as an effective model that gives the unique opportunities for investigation of different aspects of biology of streptomycetes within laboratory environment as well as in natural environment in suli. S.olivocinereus produces luminescent antibiotic geliomycin (resistomycin). In this review we summarized the results of the many years of investigation of growth, differentiation and behavior of this streptomycete. The investigations were undertaken by a group of scientists of the Moscow State University. The results can be employed as arguments for the multicellular nature of streptomycetes.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Microbial Viability; Models, Biological; Moscow; Mycelium; Quorum Sensing; Spores, Bacterial; Streptomyces; Universities
PubMed: 29533559
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination... Aug 2008A bioremediation system for creosote-treated wood is proposed, based on the detoxifying capability of Pleurotus ostreatus, a ligninolythic fungus. Non-sterilized chipped...
A bioremediation system for creosote-treated wood is proposed, based on the detoxifying capability of Pleurotus ostreatus, a ligninolythic fungus. Non-sterilized chipped contaminated wood was mixed at various ratios with wheat straw on which Pleurotus mycelia was grown. At 1:2 initial ratio contaminated wood:wheat straw, chemical analyses demonstrated an almost complete degradation of creosote oil components after 44 days, also confirmed by a significant reduction of ecotoxicity. Lower ratios, i.e. higher amount of contaminated wood, lower system efficiency, although a better creosote degradation was obtained by a stepped up wood addition.
Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Biodegradation, Environmental; Carcinogens; Creosote; Daphnia; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Mycelium; Oxidation-Reduction; Pleurotus; Wood
PubMed: 18389164
DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9394-9 -
Folia Microbiologica 2008The structure of unique colorless needle crystals growing from the surface mycelium of the basidiomycete Quambalaria cyanescens and identified as (+)-globulol was...
The structure of unique colorless needle crystals growing from the surface mycelium of the basidiomycete Quambalaria cyanescens and identified as (+)-globulol was followed by mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and polarimetry. The mechanism of (+)-globulol fragmentation is proposed based on collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry. X-Ray analysis revealed that crystal packing is governed by hydrogen bond O-H.....O connecting the molecules into an infinite helix along a 3-fold screw axis propagating along the longest dimension of the needle crystal (c-axis of the unit cell). The X-ray diffraction data correspond well with the proposed structure determined by mass spectrometry.
Topics: Animals; Basidiomycota; Coleoptera; Crystallization; Hydrogen Bonding; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Structure; Mycelium; Sesquiterpenes; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 18481213
DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0002-5 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... 2011Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermally dimorphic fungus that in tissues and cultures at 37°C grows...
INTRODUCTION
Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermally dimorphic fungus that in tissues and cultures at 37°C grows as a yeast while at lower temperatures (less than 24°C) it becomes a mold; however the genes that rule these processes and their expression are poorly understood.
OBJECTIVE
This research focused on the kinetic expression of certain genes in P. brasiliensis throughout the dimorphic process, one that involves the transition from the mycelium to yeast forms and the germination from the yeast to mycelium form.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was optimized to measure the expression of ten genes connected with diverse cellular functions including cell synthesis and wall structure, oxidative stress response, heat shock response, metabolism, proteins' processing, solute transport across the cell membrane and signal transduction pathways at different time points during the mycelia to yeast transition, as well as in the yeast to mycelia germination processes.
RESULTS
Genes involved in cell synthesis and wall structure, metabolism and signal transduction were differentially expressed and highly up-regulated during the yeast to mycelia germination process; on the other hand, genes involved in heat shock response, cell synthesis and wall structure were highly up-regulated during the mycelia to yeast transition process. The remaining genes were differentially regulated during both processes.
CONCLUSION
In this work the up-regulation of certain genes involved in the morphological changes occurring in P. brasiliensis yeast and mycelia forms were confirmed, indicating that these biological processes play an important role during the host-pathogen interactions, as well as in the fungus adaptation to environmental conditions.
Topics: Gene Expression; Kinetics; Mycelium; Paracoccidioides; Yeasts
PubMed: 22674368
DOI: 10.1590/S0120-41572011000400012 -
Fungal Biology Apr 2021Like other cells, fungal hyphae show exquisite sensitivity to their environment. This reactiveness is demonstrated at many levels, from changes in the form of the hypha...
Like other cells, fungal hyphae show exquisite sensitivity to their environment. This reactiveness is demonstrated at many levels, from changes in the form of the hypha resulting from alterations in patterns of exocytosis, to membrane excitation, and mechanisms of wound repair. Growing hyphae detect ridges on surfaces and respond to restrictions in their physical space. These are expressions of cellular consciousness. Fungal mycelia show decision-making and alter their developmental patterns in response to interactions with other organisms. Mycelia may even be capable of spatial recognition and learning coupled with a facility for short-term memory. Now is a fruitful time to recognize the study of fungal ethology as a distinctive discipline within mycology.
Topics: Fungi; Hyphae; Mycelium
PubMed: 33766303
DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.02.001 -
Mycologia 2020Nitrogen in sufficient quantities is strictly necessary for all living organisms. In this study, the ability of some xylotrophic basidiomycetes to grow extremely long on...
Nitrogen in sufficient quantities is strictly necessary for all living organisms. In this study, the ability of some xylotrophic basidiomycetes to grow extremely long on a solid growth medium full of carbon nutrition but lacking a nitrogen source in its composition was discovered. The nitrogen oligotrophy of wood-decaying fungi is associated with their adaptation to live in a wood substrate, which is also deficient in nitrogen content. This nitrogen-depleted cultural growth is called "pseudo-foraging" and can be used as a simplified model of wood-decaying growth. Four main nitrogen-obtaining and -conserving strategies (nitrogen concentration, using alternative sources of nitrogen, economy of growth, and nutritional recycling), which are attributed to wood-colonizing xylotrophs in the literature, were revised studying the pseudo-foraging model. Based on the results, some aspects of the behavior of xylotrophs deep in undecomposed wood were predicted. For example, one of the results is that for pseudo-foraging xylotrophs, the main way to obtain nitrogen is its concentration in their mycelium from the nutrient medium in which nitrogen is contained in the impurities of the components of the medium. The result suggests that in bulk solid wood, the nitrogen concentration strategy also dominates the strategy of using diazotrophic and other alternative nitrogen. In addition, three individual unprecedented mechanisms, which supposedly help the xylotrophic fungi to colonize wood in nature (generation of fine mycelium, macrovesicular endocytosis, formation and conversion of super-elongated mitochondria), were investigated in the laboratory.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Mycelium; Nitrogen Fixation; Russia; Wood
PubMed: 32238121
DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1716567 -
The Journal of Biophysical and... Aug 1961A study of thin sections of hyphae of Streptomyces violaceoruber in the electron microscope showed that the structure of the walls and the mode of formation of...
A study of thin sections of hyphae of Streptomyces violaceoruber in the electron microscope showed that the structure of the walls and the mode of formation of cross-walls are similar to those of Gram-positive bacteria. A beaded structure was seen in some regions of the wall, and the significance of this observation is discussed in relation to previous studies of the fine structure of bacterial cell walls. Elements of the intracytoplasmic membrane system appear to be involved in the process of cross-wall formation. The walls of the hyphae of the aerial mycelium divide into two layers before the spores are formed, and only the inner component of the wall grows inwards to form the cross-walls and so delimit the spores. The outer component remains intact for a time and acts as a sheath around the developing spores. Finally the sheath breaks and the spores are liberated. This process is contrasted with the formation of endospores in eubacteria. When the spores germinate, the walls of the germ tubes are continuous with those of the spores.
Topics: Hyphae; Mycelium; Spores, Bacterial; Streptomyces
PubMed: 13705984
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.4.505 -
Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B Jun 2010Mycelial networks operate on scales from microscopic to many m(2) and naturally persist for extended periods. As fungi exhibit highly adaptive development, it is...
Mycelial networks operate on scales from microscopic to many m(2) and naturally persist for extended periods. As fungi exhibit highly adaptive development, it is important to test behavioural responses on natural substrata with realistic nutrient levels across a range of spatial scales and extended time periods. Here we quantified network responses over 7.5 months in large (57 x 57cm) microcosms to test whether grazing shifts the network to a more resilient architecture. Resource limitation constrained any ability to respond at all, with both grazed and ungrazed networks gradually thinning out over time. Added resources sustained further exploratory growth, but only transiently increased cross-connectivity and network resilience, when tested by simulated damage in silico. Grazed networks were initially weaker and emergence of new exploratory growth was curtailed. However, increased interstitial proliferation led to new cross-links, consolidating the existing mycelial network and increasing the resilience of the network to further attack.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Arthropods; Computer Simulation; Hyphae; Mycelium; Phanerochaete; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 20144724
DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.01.006