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Infectious Diseases (London, England) Jun 2018Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are important complications in renal transplant recipients. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections are important complications in renal transplant recipients.
METHODS
Cases of NTM diseases post-renal transplantation published in English were identified in the PubMed database. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of these cases were reviewed.
RESULTS
One-hundred and fifteen cases of NTM infection in renal transplant recipients in 100 articles were identified. The median time of NTM infection from renal transplantation was 37 months (range, 3 d to 252 months). Disseminated disease (40.0%) was the most common manifestation of NTM infection in renal transplant recipients. The main diagnostic procedure was culture combined with histopathological examination (38.3%). Thirteen NTM species were identified; the most common pathogen was Mycobacterium chelonae (19.1%). The anti-Mycobacterium treatment lasted more than 12 months in 43.3% of the recorded patients. During the treatment, 30.2% of the recipients lost kidney graft function and 20.9% died from NTM infection and/or other complications, including cardiac death and respiratory failure.
CONCLUSIONS
NTM infection is easily neglected. Physicians must keep a high suspicion for NTM infections in renal transplant recipients.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Transplantation; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29400108
DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1411604 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Apr 2023Injection lipolysis is used for body and face contouring due to its minimal invasiveness and cost-effectiveness, but related complications such as nontuberculous... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Injection lipolysis is used for body and face contouring due to its minimal invasiveness and cost-effectiveness, but related complications such as nontuberculous mycobacterium infection significantly affect its clinical application.
AIMS
This study aimed to review the literature on NTM infection after injection lipolysis.
METHODS
We conducted a literature review of scientific journals published in Medline and PubMed up to September 2022 on patients with NTM skin and soft tissue infections. We used the keywords: nontuberculous mycobacterium, infection, injection lipolysis, and lipolytic solution in various combinations with the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT. Only articles available in English and full version publications were considered for this review. Here, we reviewed the relevant mechanisms and drugs for injectable lipolysis and analyzed the possible correlation between NTM infection and injection lipolysis. We also summarize methods for the diagnosis and treatment of NTM infections and present some perspectives on this therapy.
RESULTS
Many patients with NTM infections had a history of fat-related surgery or therapy. NTM infection after injection lipolysis may be related to inadequate disinfection and sterilization of injection equipment and clinical procedures, the unqualified medication itself and free fatty acids released during injection lipolysis. Currently, diagnosis and treatment of NTM infection after lipolysis injections remains challenging.
CONCLUSIONS
Injection lipolysis represents a helpful option for local fat reduction. Doctors should strictly abide by the aseptic operation standards and use qualified products for there is a correlation between skin and soft tissue infection of nontuberculous mycobacterium and injection lipolysis. Providers should understand the mechanism, indications, and associated risks of injection lipolysis when injecting fat-dissolving drugs to reduce localized fat.
Topics: Humans; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Soft Tissue Infections; Lipolysis; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Skin
PubMed: 36606392
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15591 -
The Journal of Hand Surgery May 2018Mycobacterium longobardum is a slow-growing, nontuberculous mycobacterium that was first characterized in 2012. We report a case of M. longobardum infection in the... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium longobardum is a slow-growing, nontuberculous mycobacterium that was first characterized in 2012. We report a case of M. longobardum infection in the right middle finger of a diabetic man. He underwent surgery for a presumed diagnosis of an epidermal inclusion cyst. Molecular diagnosis of the surgical specimens demonstrated M. longobardum through RNA polymerase β-subunit encoding gene sequencing. After surgery, the patient was treated with antibiotics and eventually cured of the infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of a pathogenic M. longobardum infection worldwide and the first such case in the hand. The purposes of this case study are to alert treating providers to consider nontuberculous mycobacterium infection when an inflammatory process persists, discuss signs and symptoms of the disease, and provide general treatment guidelines.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clarithromycin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Hand; Hepatitis A; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium Infections; Opportunistic Infections; Osteomyelitis
PubMed: 29032284
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.09.008 -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Jan 2018The evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis is multifactorial and involves different biological scales. The synthesis of ESAT-6 or...
The evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis is multifactorial and involves different biological scales. The synthesis of ESAT-6 or the induction of alveolar macrophage necrosis are key, but to understand it, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of endogenous and exogenous reinfection, drainage of lung parenchyma and respiratory mechanics, local fibrosis processes and blood supply. Paradoxically, the immune response generated by the infection is highly protective (90%) against active tuberculosis, although as it is essentially based on the proliferation of Th1 lymphocytes, it cannot prevent reinfection. Severe immunosuppression can only explain 10% of active tuberculosis cases, while the remainder are attributable to comorbidities, a proinflammatory environment and an unknown genetic propensity. The pathogenic capacity of environmental mycobacteria is discrete, linked to deficits in the innate and acquired immune response. The ability to generate biofilms and the ability of M. ulcerans to generate the exotoxin mycolactone is remarkable.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 29198784
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.10.015 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jul 2023Although non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infection accounts for only a small proportion of fever of unknown origin (FUO) cases, it has become a more common etiology... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Although non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infection accounts for only a small proportion of fever of unknown origin (FUO) cases, it has become a more common etiology in recent years. Therefore, we reviewed FUO patients with underlying NTM infection to better understand its clinical features.
METHODOLOGY
The medical records of patients presenting with FUO and diagnosed with NTM infection admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2016 and June 2021 were reviewed. The clinical information of patients whose follow-up data were available were summarized. Specimens submitted for pathogenic identification were processed by mycobacterial culture, acid-fast staining, and mycobacterial nucleic acid detection. IBM SPSS Statistics v22.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
Fifty-five FUO patients were diagnosed with NTM infection (55/785; 7.0% of FUO cases). Patients were mostly middle-aged men and had a relatively long disease course. Seven, 29, and 54 patients had previously no respondence to glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and multiple antibiotics, respectively; their inflammatory indexes were significantly increased; and there was no obvious risk of immunosuppression in this group, who were likely to be T.SPOT-TB negative (33/41; 80.5%). The most commonly identified NTM was Mycobacterium intracellulare followed by Mycobacterium chelonae/abscessus, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium avium.
CONCLUSIONS
Microbiological investigations including culture, acid-fast staining, NTM nucleic acid examination, and next-generation sequencing were performed to confirm the diagnosis of NTM in FUO patients. FUO patients should screen for NTM infections so that this important etiology can be recognized, targeted treatments administered early, and outcomes improved.
Topics: Male; Middle Aged; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Fever of Unknown Origin; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium; Tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37515806
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17610 -
The Journal of Infection Dec 2007Infliximab has revolutionized treatment of rheumatologic diseases and inflammatory bowel disease. However, it increases the risk of tuberculosis. Less is known about the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Infliximab has revolutionized treatment of rheumatologic diseases and inflammatory bowel disease. However, it increases the risk of tuberculosis. Less is known about the development of Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT) infection. We review the literature on non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in infliximab-treated patients and report the first case of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex in an infliximab-treated patient complicated by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
METHODS AND RESULTS
MEDLINE search with the keywords mycobacteria and infliximab revealed four cases of MOTT in patients treated with infliximab: fatal Mycobacterium peregrinum pneumonia in a patient with polymyositis and dermatomyositis; a patient with rheumatoid arthritis with skin and soft tissue infection with Mycobacterium abscessus; Mycobacterium fortuitum in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis; and a case of pulmonary MAC without dissemination. Review of US data from 1998 to 2002 published by Wallis et al. revealed that out of more than 233,000 patients treated with infliximab, 30 developed unspecified mycobacterial species infection. No further data was available regarding these cases.
CONCLUSION
MOTT infection is a rare but emerging complication of infliximab therapy. MOTT cases tend to progress rapidly in infliximab-treated patients and withdrawal of infliximab therapy can result in immune reconstitution.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antirheumatic Agents; Humans; Infliximab; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous
PubMed: 17920687
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.08.007 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... Oct 2008Mycobacterium ulcerans is an emerging infection that causes indolent, necrotizing skin lesions known as Buruli ulcer (BU). Bone lesions may include reactive osteitis or... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium ulcerans is an emerging infection that causes indolent, necrotizing skin lesions known as Buruli ulcer (BU). Bone lesions may include reactive osteitis or osteomyelitis beneath skin lesions, or metastatic osteomyelitis from lymphohematogenous spread of M. ulcerans. Pathogenesis is related to a necrotizing and immunosuppressive toxin produced by M. ulcerans, called mycolactone. The incidence of BU is highest in children up to 15 years old, and is a major public health problem in endemic countries due to disabling scarring and destruction of bone. Most patients live in West Africa, but the disease has been confirmed in at least 30 countries. Treatment options for BU are antibiotics and surgery. BCG vaccination provides short-term protection against M. ulcerans infection and prevents osteomyelitis. HIV infection may increase risk for BU, and renders BU highly aggressive. Unlike leprosy and tuberculosis, BU is related to environmental factors and is thus considered non-communicable. The most plausible mode of transmission is by skin trauma at sites contaminated by M. ulcerans. The reemergence of BU around 1980 may be attributable to environmental factors such as deforestation, artificial topographic alterations and increased manual agriculture of wetlands. The first cultivation of M. ulcerans from nature was reported in 2008.
Topics: Adolescent; Africa; Buruli Ulcer; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium ulcerans
PubMed: 18657836
DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.06.006 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2019We describe a case of facial skin infection and sinusitis caused by Mycobacterium marseillense in an immunocompetent woman in China in 2018. The infection was cleared...
We describe a case of facial skin infection and sinusitis caused by Mycobacterium marseillense in an immunocompetent woman in China in 2018. The infection was cleared with clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin. Antimicrobial drug treatments could not be predicted by genetic analyses; further genetic characterization would be required to do so.
Topics: China; Face; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Skin; Skin Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 31538923
DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190695 -
Environment International May 2006Buruli ulcer (BU), an often-deforming skin ulceration caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), is now considered by the World Health Organization to be the third most... (Review)
Review
Buruli ulcer (BU), an often-deforming skin ulceration caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), is now considered by the World Health Organization to be the third most common mycobacterium infection. However, the reservoir of MU in the environment and the epidemiology of BU are poorly understood. The disease is prevalent in riverine, slow-flowing and swampy areas of several tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially in West Africa where the disease is rapidly increasing in incidence. This paper presents a review of published literature concerning epidemiology of, transmission and susceptibility to MU infection. It considers several endemic natural environments and their influence on infection.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Disease Susceptibility; Geography; Humans; Immunization; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium ulcerans; Risk Factors; World Health Organization
PubMed: 16492390
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.01.002 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2001Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and M. intracellulare are ubiquitous organisms in the environment. The reservoir of M. avium subsp. avium is generally accepted to be... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and M. intracellulare are ubiquitous organisms in the environment. The reservoir of M. avium subsp. avium is generally accepted to be environmental, in particular, water and soil are sources of the organism. In contrast to M. avium infection in wild and domestic birds, M. avium infection in mammals occurs only sporadically and is rarely transmissible. Generalised disease is usually uncommon, owing to the non-progressive, chronic character of the infection. However, some cases of disseminated disease have been reported, e.g. in captive non-domestic hoofed animals as well as in immunosuppressed dogs and cats. The majority of M. avium and M. intracellulare infections in livestock are detected at slaughter and the diagnosis is confirmed by bacteriological procedures. Condemnation of affected portions of the carcass can result in significant economic losses, although gross lesions are mostly restricted to lymph nodes close to the alimentary tract. Successful treatment with antibiotics in combination with surgery has been reported in some affected domestic cats, but is not considered to be effective or economical in other species. In the past, differentiation of M. avium bacteria from the closely related M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was based on the mycobactin dependence and prolonged incubation period of the latter. More recently, amplification of the genomic insertion sequence IS900 has proved to be a powerful tool for identification of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The potential zoonotic importance of M. avium infections has been indicated, but requires clarification.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Humans; Mammals; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Soil Microbiology; Tuberculosis; Water Microbiology; Zoonoses
PubMed: 11288512
DOI: 10.20506/rst.20.1.1272