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Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jun 2003We report on a case of disseminated infection with central nervous system involvement due to an atypical mycobacterium related to Mycobacterium triplex in a severely... (Review)
Review
We report on a case of disseminated infection with central nervous system involvement due to an atypical mycobacterium related to Mycobacterium triplex in a severely immunodepressed human immunodeficiency virus-infected man.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Adult; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 12791932
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.41.6.2785-2787.2003 -
PloS One 2018Culture is considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of mycobacterial infections. However, consensus about the most suitable culture procedure for isolation...
Culture is considered the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of mycobacterial infections. However, consensus about the most suitable culture procedure for isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria is lacking. The study compared the recoveries of mycobacteria after decontamination of spiked and fresh avian feces with 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 12% sulfuric acid (H2SO4), or 1% cetylperidinium chloride (CPC), with and without mixture of three antibiotics, namely vancomycin (VAN, 100 μg/ml), nalidixic acid (NAL, 100 μg/ml), and amphotericin B (AMB, 100 μg/ml). The antibiotic mixture was referred to as VNA. Decontamination procedures were evaluated using two (n = 2) avian fecal samples spiked with 106, 104, and 102 CFU/ml of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (ATCC 15769) and fresh avian feces (n = 42). M. avium subsp. avium was detected on the culture media from spiked samples (106 and 104 CFU/ml) decontaminated with NaOH, NaOH-VNA, H2SO4, and H2SO4 -VNA for 2-6 weeks. These bacteria were detected in 2-4 weeks when using CPC and CPC-VNA. M. avium subsp. avium cannot be isolated on culture media from spiked samples (102 CFU/ml) decontaminated with any decontaminating agent. Two mycobacterial isolates, namely, Mycobacterium terrae and M. engbaekii, were isolated from field samples decontaminated with NaOH and CPC-VNA. With regard to the contamination rate, the use of CPC-VNA showed lower contamination rates (5.5% and 19.0%) from spiked and field samples than those of the other methods (NaOH: 22.2% and 59.5%, NaOH-VNA: 16.7% and 21.4%, H2SO4: 11.1% and 40.5%, H2SO4-VNA: 5.5% and 21.4%, and CPC: 66.7% and 50%). In conclusion, the decontamination of fecal samples following a two-step procedure with 1% CPC and VNA can ensure high recovery rate of many mycobacteria with the lowest contamination in cultures.
Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Decontamination; Feces; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
PubMed: 30096205
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202034 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Aug 2014Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) cause skin infections that are refractory to standard antibiotic regimens. Although typically associated with disseminated cutaneous... (Review)
Review
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) cause skin infections that are refractory to standard antibiotic regimens. Although typically associated with disseminated cutaneous or other systemic infections in immunocompromised patients, RGM sometimes cause localized cutaneous infections in immunocompetent hosts. These infections are almost always associated with precedent skin trauma and inoculation, and therefore have been implicated in outbreaks involving contaminated tattoo ink and inadequately sterilized acupuncture needles. Histologic features often include suppurative granulomatous inflammation, and microorganisms are rarely visualized with stains for acid-fast bacilli. The differential diagnosis includes granulomatous fungal and non-RGM bacterial infections as well as noninfectious suppurative or sarcoidlike conditions. Because no pathognomonic histologic features exist for cutaneous RGM infections, clinical suspicion and appropriate workup are essential to reach an accurate and timely diagnosis. Most localized cutaneous RGM infections in immunocompetent individuals respond well to either clarithromycin or amikacin, in combination with surgical debridement.
Topics: Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clarithromycin; Combined Modality Therapy; Debridement; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium chelonae; Mycobacterium fortuitum; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Skin; Skin Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 25076301
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0203-RS -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Feb 2017Treatment outcomes of patients with Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus lung disease are poor, and the microbial characteristics associated with treatment... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Treatment outcomes of patients with Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus lung disease are poor, and the microbial characteristics associated with treatment outcomes have not been studied systematically. The purpose of this study was to identify associations between microbial characteristics and treatment outcomes in patients with M. abscessus lung disease.
METHODS
Sixty-seven consecutive patients with M. abscessus lung disease undergoing antibiotic treatment for ≥12 months between January 2002 and December 2012 were included. Morphotypic and genetic analyses were performed on isolates from 44 patients.
RESULTS
Final sputum conversion to culture negative occurred in 34 (51%) patients. Compared to isolates from 24 patients with persistently positive cultures, pretreatment isolates from 20 patients with final negative conversion were more likely to exhibit smooth colonies (9/20, 45% vs 2/24, 8%; P = .020), susceptibility to clarithromycin (7/20, 35% vs 1/24, 4%; P = .015), and be of the C28 sequevar with regard to the erm(41) gene (6/20, 30% vs 1/24, 4%; P = .035). Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease recurred in 5 (15%) patients after successful completion of antibiotic therapy. Genotypic analysis revealed that most episodes (22/24, 92%) of persistently positive cultures during antibiotic treatment and all cases of microbiologic recurrence after treatment completion were caused by different M. abscessus genotypes within a patient.
CONCLUSIONS
Precise identification to the subspecies level and analysis of mycobacterial characteristics could help predict treatment outcomes in patients with M. abscessus lung disease. Treatment failures and recurrences are frequently associated with multiple genotypes, suggesting reinfection.
CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
NCT00970801.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clarithromycin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Genotype; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies; Sputum; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28011608
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw724 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2011The pathogenic potential of the rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) has started being recognized. This is due to more sensitive and specific techniques in the laboratory.... (Review)
Review
The pathogenic potential of the rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) has started being recognized. This is due to more sensitive and specific techniques in the laboratory. The RGM are generally defined as nontuberculous species of mycobacteria that show visible growth on agar media within 7 days. RGM are widely distributed in nature and have been isolated from natural water, tap water, and soil. Several biochemical tests, high performance liquid chromatography, and molecular techniques have been developed for rapid identification of these species. The American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Disease Society of America recommend that RGM should be identified to the species level using a recognized acceptable methodology such as polymerase chain reaction restriction enzyme analysis or biochemical testing and routine susceptibility testing of RGM should include amikacin, imipenem, doxycycline, the fluorinated quinolones, a sulphonamide or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, cefoxitin, clarithromycin, linezolid, and tobramycin. The diseases caused by these organisms have varied manifestations. They have been responsible for a number of healthcare-associated outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks. For recognition of outbreaks, it is important to be familiar with the causative organisms like RGM which are most frequently involved in healthcare-associated outbreaks and pseudo outbreaks. It is essential to intervene as soon as possible to interrupt this transmission. Large gaps still exist in our knowledge of RGM. Unquestionably more studies are required. Through this review, we wish to emphasize that reporting of RGM from clinical settings along with their sensitivity patterns is an absolute need of the hour.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Cross Infection; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 22120792
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.90157 -
International Journal of... 2018: There is evidence that drinking water could be a source of infections with pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) potentially risky to human health. The aim was...
BACKGROUND
: There is evidence that drinking water could be a source of infections with pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) potentially risky to human health. The aim was to investigate the resistance of two NTM isolated from drinking water, Mycobacterium gordonae and Mycobacterium chubuense, at different concentrations of chlorine (as sodium hypochlorite), used in drinking water sanitation.
METHODS
: The NTM were grown in suspension and in biofilms and were challenged with biocide for 10 and 60 min.
RESULTS
To obtain 7-log reduction from the initial population of M. chubuense, in the planktonic state, there were necessary 20 ppm of chorine and 60 min of exposure. The same effect was achieved in M. gordonae with 10 ppm for the same period. The maximum reduction of both NTM in biofilm was 3-log reduction and was achieved using 30 ppm for 60 min. The chlorine susceptibility of cells in biofilms was significantly lower than that of planktonic cells. The results highlight the resistance of both NTM to the concentrations used in routine water sanitation (0.2 ppm according to Argentine Food Code). Differences in chlorine resistance found between the two NTM in planktonic growth decrease when they are grown in biofilm.
CONCLUSION
This suggests that current water disinfection procedures do not always achieve effective control of NTM in the public supply system, with the consequent health risk to susceptible population, and the need to take into account biofilms, because of their deep consequences in the way to analyze the survival of prokaryotic cells in different environments.
Topics: Biofilms; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Mycobacterium; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Plankton; Sodium Hypochlorite
PubMed: 29900886
DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_30_18 -
Lancet (London, England) May 1985
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Liver; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 2859475
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91626-5 -
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious... Jun 2024The prevalence of Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease (NTM-PD) is increasing worldwide. The advancement in molecular diagnostic technology has greatly... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease (NTM-PD) is increasing worldwide. The advancement in molecular diagnostic technology has greatly promoted the rapid diagnosis of NTM-PD clinically, and the pathogenic strains can be identified to the species level through molecular typing, which provides a reliable basis for treatment. In addition to the well-known PCR and mNGS methods, there are numerous alternative methods to identify NTM to the species level. The treatment of NTM-PD remains a challenging problem. Although clinical guidelines outline several treatment options for common NTM species infections, in most cases, the therapeutic outcomes of these drugs for NTM-PD often fall short of expectations. At present, the focus of research is to find more effective and more tolerable NTM-PD therapeutic drugs and regimens. In this paper, the latest diagnostic techniques, therapeutic drugs and methods, and prevention of NTM-PD are reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Lung Diseases; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
PubMed: 38492490
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116254 -
International Journal of... Mar 2015Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a diverse group of bacterial species that are distributed in the environment. Many of these environmental bacteria can cause... (Review)
Review
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a diverse group of bacterial species that are distributed in the environment. Many of these environmental bacteria can cause disease in humans. The identification of NTM in environmental sources is important for both clinical and epidemiological purposes. In this study, the distribution of NTM species from environmental and clinical samples in the Middle East was reviewed. In order to provide an overview of NTM, as well as recent epidemiological trends, all studies addressing NTM in the Middle East from 1984 to 2014 were reviewed. A total of 96 articles were found, in which 1751 NTM strains were isolated and 1084 of which were obtained from clinical samples, 619 from environmental samples and 48 were cited by case reports. Mycobacterium fortuitum was the most common rapid growing mycobacteria (RGM) isolated from both clinical (269 out of 447 RGM; 60.1%) and environmental (135 out of 289 RGM; 46.7%) samples. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was the most common slow growing mycobacteria (SGM) isolated from clinical samples (140 out of 637 SGM; 21.9%). An increasing trend in NTM isolation from the Middle East was noted over the last 5years. This review demonstrates the increasing concern regarding NTM disease in the Middle East, emphasizing the need for regional collaboration and coordination in order to respond appropriately.
Topics: Epidemiological Monitoring; Humans; Middle East; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 26655192
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.12.005 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Jun 2012Bovine farcy (which is caused by Mycobacterium farcinogenes and Mycobacterium senegalense) is a chronic suppurative granulomatous inflammation of the skin and lymphatics... (Review)
Review
Bovine farcy (which is caused by Mycobacterium farcinogenes and Mycobacterium senegalense) is a chronic suppurative granulomatous inflammation of the skin and lymphatics of cattle and is seen mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. It is not yet certain whether Nocardia farcinica causes cutaneous nocardiosis (farcy) in animals that mimics bovine farcy. Epidemiological data have steadily reported finding bovine farcy in adult cattle of the transhumance pastoralist tribes of the Sahel and the Sudanian savannah zones. M. farcinogenes and or M. senegalense do not affect other domestic or non-domestic animals; it is not known whether these bacteria are zoonotic. The disease--once widespread in many regions--has disappeared from some countries historically known to have it. Reports of bovine farcy prevalence seem to be linked to the existence of survey initiatives by governments and diagnostic capabilities in each country. Farcy causes economic loss due to damaged hides and also is a public-health burden (because the lymphadenitis due to farcy resembles the lesions of bovine tuberculosis in carcasses and the meat is considered inappropriate for human consumption). The current literature is deficient in establishing definitely the prevalence, transmission patterns, and risk factors of bovine farcy. Ixodid ticks transmit other skin diseases (such as dermatophilosis) and might play a role in bovine farcy (given the similarity in the bio-physiology and geographic distribution of the disease). In addition, the tick-resistance of cattle breeds such as the N'Dama, Fulani or the Nilotic might explain their resistance to bovine farcy. Apart from the judicious use of conventional smear-and-culture methods, few diagnostic tests have been developed; the molecular and serological tests have not been evaluated for reproducibility and accuracy. This review points out aspects of bovine farcy that need further research and updates available data on the prevalence, distribution, risk factors, economic and public health implications, diagnosis, and control.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nocardia; Nocardia Infections; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Phylogeny; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22341733
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.01.004