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Zeitschrift Fur Erkrankungen Der... 1991
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Female; Humans; Lung; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 1858418
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Hospital Infection Mar 1998The susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare to the disinfections used for spillage and heat sensitive instruments has... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare to the disinfections used for spillage and heat sensitive instruments has received much attention in recent years. The use of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis and M. avium-intracellulare as test organisms is considered unsuitable for standard tests due to their hazardous nature (category 3 pathogens and slow growth rates). This has led to much debate in standards committees on the selection and use of a possible surrogate which would be safer and more practical to use and yet mimic the susceptibility of clinical isolates. This study compared the susceptibility of one possible surrogate Mycobacterium terrae NCTC 10856, with that of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis H37 Rv and M. avium-intracellulare using a quantitative suspension test. The instrument and environmental disinfectants tested were a chlorine-releasing agent, sodium dichloroisocyanyurate (NaDCC) at 1000 ppm and 10,000 ppm av. Cl, chlorine dioxide at 1100 ppm av. ClO2 (Tristel, HayMan MediChem), 0.35% peracetic acid (NuCidex, Johnson & Johnson), 70% industrial methylated spirit (IMS), 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde (Asep, Galen), 10% succine dialdehyde and formaldehyde mixture (Gigasept, Schulke and Mayr). Results showed that the clinical isolate of M. avium-intracellulare was the most resistant of the three test organisms. M. terrae, which is not a category 3 pathogen, was slightly more resistant than M. tuberculosis and this would appear to be a suitable surrogate for establishing tuberculocidal activity. However, with an increase in the clinical significance of M. avium-intracellulare, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immunocompromised patients, a more resistant surrogate is required. In the absence of such a surrogate, testing with M. avium-intracellulare in a clinical laboratory equipped for handling category 3 pathogens is still advised to establish mycobactericidal activity.
Topics: Chlorine Compounds; Disinfectants; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Glutaral; Humans; Infection Control; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Oxides; Triazines
PubMed: 9561469
DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(98)90273-0 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Nov 2006Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for drinking water treatment was examined for inactivation and subsequent dark and photo-repair of Mycobacterium terrae.
AIM
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for drinking water treatment was examined for inactivation and subsequent dark and photo-repair of Mycobacterium terrae.
METHODS AND RESULTS
UV sources tested were low pressure (monochromatic, 254 nm) and medium pressure (polychromatic UV output) Hg lamps. UV exposure resulted in inactivation, and was followed by dark or photo-repair experiments. Inactivation and repair were quantified utilizing a molecular-based endonuclease sensitive site (ESS) assay and conventional colony forming unit (CFU) viability assay. Mycobacterium terrae was more resistant to UV disinfection compared to many other bacteria, with approximately 2-log reduction at a UV fluence of 10 mJ cm(-2) ; similar to UV inactivation of M. tuberculosis. There was no difference in inactivation between monochromatic or polychromatic UV lamps. Mycobacterium terrae did not undergo detectable dark repair. Photo-repair resulted in recovery from inactivation by approximately 0.5-log in less than 30 min for both UV lamp systems.
CONCLUSIONS
Mycobacterium terrae is able to photo-repair DNA damage within a short timeframe. The number of pyrimidine dimers induced by UV light were similar for Escherichia coli and M. terrae, however, this similarity did not hold true for viability results.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
There is no practical difference between UV sources for disinfection or prevention of DNA repair for M. terrae. The capability of M. terrae to photo-repair UV damage fairly quickly is important for wastewater treatment applications where disinfected effluent is exposed to sunlight. Finally, molecular based assay results should be evaluated with respect to differences in the nucleic acid content of the test micro-organism.
Topics: Colony Count, Microbial; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; DNA, Bacterial; Disinfection; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Ultraviolet Rays; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 17040222
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03023.x -
Clinics in Chest Medicine Mar 2015The most common nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung pathogen, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), requires antibiotic treatment regimens that are long and often... (Review)
Review
The most common nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung pathogen, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), requires antibiotic treatment regimens that are long and often arduous. M kansasii is the slowly growing NTM pathogen with the most predictably successful treatment outcomes, whereas other slowly growing NTM pathogens such as M xeonpi, M szulgai, and M malmoense are less predictably responsive to antibiotic regimens. M simiae is the most difficult of the common slowly growing NTM pathogens to eradicate. Surgical intervention for slowly growing mycobacterial lung infection has proved beneficial for some patients, but the optimal candidates and timing for surgical intervention remain unknown.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Lung Diseases; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Prognosis
PubMed: 25676521
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2014.10.005 -
Microbiology and Immunology 2004The species identification within Mycobacterium terrae complex has been known to be very difficult. In this study, the genomic diversity of M. terrae complex with...
The species identification within Mycobacterium terrae complex has been known to be very difficult. In this study, the genomic diversity of M. terrae complex with eighteen clinical isolates, which were initially identified as M. terrae complex by phenotypic method, was investigated, including that of three type strains (M. terrae, M. nonchromogenicum, and M. triviale ). 16S rRNA and 65-kDa heat shock protein (hsp 65) gene sequences of mycobacteria were determined and aligned with eleven other references for the comparison using similarity search against the GenBank and Ribosomal Database Project II (RDP) databases. 16S rRNA and hsp 65 genes of M. terrae complex showed genomic heterogeneity. Amongst the eighteen clinical isolates, nine were identified as M. nonchromogenicum, eight as M. terrae, one as M. mucogenicum with the molecular characteristic of rapid growth. M. nonchromogenicum could be subdivided into three subgroups, while M. terrae could be subdivided into two subgroups using a 5 bp criterion (>1% difference). Seven isolates in two subgroups of M. nonchromogenicum were Mycobacterium sp. strain MCRO 6, which was closely related to M. nonchromogenicum. The hsp 65 gene could not differentiate one M. nonchromogenicum from M. avium or one M. terrae from M. intracellulare. The nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and hsp 65 genes was shown to be useful in identifying the M. terrae complex, but hsp 65 was less discriminating than 16S rRNA.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; Chaperonin 60; Chaperonins; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Databases, Factual; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Molecular Sequence Data; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 14978332
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03492.x -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2021Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes a chronic infectious in the birds known as avian mycobacteriosis. Almost all species of the birds are susceptible to MAC which...
BACKGROUND
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes a chronic infectious in the birds known as avian mycobacteriosis. Almost all species of the birds are susceptible to MAC which consists of two closely related species of mycobacteria, that is, M. avium and M. intracellulare. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) in chickens and captive birds in selected states of Peninsular Malaysia.
RESULTS
A 300 fecal samples were collected from village chickens (n = 100), layer chickens (n = 100) and captive birds (n = 100). Fecal samples were split into two aliquots for microbiological and molecular detection of MAA. Microbiology detection consisted of microscopy (Ziehl-Neelsen staining) and culture of samples decontaminated with 1% Cetylperidinium chloride and vancomycin, nalidixic acid and amphotericin B (VNA) antibiotic cocktail [vancomycin (VAN) 100 μg/ml, nalidixic acid (NAL) 100 μg/ml and amphotericin B (AMB) 50 μg/ml] onto Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J). Molecular detection (PCR-IS901) was performed to detect MAA DNA from the feces and PCR-16S rRNA and IS901 for identification of genus Mycobacterium and Mycobacterium avium sub species avium isolated onto L-J. All samples (296) were AFB negative smear. M. avium was isolated in 0.3% (1/296) samples by culture and detected in 2.5% (6/242) samples by PCR (IS901). Other mycobacteria were found in 1.7% (5/296) chickens. Of five isolates, two were identified as Mycobacterium terrae and M. engbaekii and remaining isolates were not sequenced. Birds positive for M. avium included White Pelican (n = 1) Black Hornbill (n = 1), Macaw (n = 2), Cockatoo (n = 2) and village chicken (n = 1).
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that chickens and birds were infected with M. avium in selected areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Although, PCR is rapid, reliable and cost effective method for detection of M. avium in a subclinical stage, the culture of the avian feces should still be used as a reference test for the diagnosis of avian tuberculosis.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Chickens; DNA, Bacterial; Feces; Malaysia; Mycobacterium; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tuberculosis, Avian
PubMed: 33413380
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02695-8 -
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious... Dec 2011Mycobacterium wolinskyi is an uncommonly encountered rapidly growing mycobacterium. To date, only 12 clinical cases have been reported in the literature. In this report,... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium wolinskyi is an uncommonly encountered rapidly growing mycobacterium. To date, only 12 clinical cases have been reported in the literature. In this report, we describe 5 additional cases of M. wolinskyi infection seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, since 2009. The clinical manifestations were sternal wound infections (n = 2), a surgical site wound infection, a cardiac-device pocket site infection, and a vascular graft infection with bacteremia. The infections occurred in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, including a lung transplant recipient. Treatment of M. wolinskyi infections required a prolonged course of combination antimicrobial treatment and surgical debridement.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Debridement; Female; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium Infections; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 21945390
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.08.005 -
Microbiology Spectrum Nov 2016The list of clinically important slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) continues to expand as new species are identified and older ones are found to be... (Review)
Review
The list of clinically important slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) continues to expand as new species are identified and older ones are found to be pathogenic. Based on pigment production, the strains may be classified as photochromogenic, scotochromogenic, or unpigmented. Some of these organisms are not newly discovered but have heretofore been considered virtually nonpathogenic. Previously, many were regarded as contaminants when isolated from clinical specimens. Ubiquitous in nature, many NTM have been isolated from groundwater or tap water, soil, house dust, domestic and wild animals, and birds. Most infections result from inhalation or direct inoculation from environmental sources. They are not spread from person to person. The infections may be localized or disseminated. In most cases, the optimal regimen or duration of therapy has not been firmly established. The results of in vitro susceptibility testing may be used to select a therapeutic regimen. Many experts recommend clarithromycin with companion drugs such as rifampin and ethambutol for most, but not all, slowly growing species. Aminoglycosides, clofazimine, fluoroquinolones, linezolid, pyrazinamide, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole also may be effective against some strains. Immunocompetent patients with clinically significant infections with NTM usually should receive 18 to 24 months of therapy. Infected immunocompromised patients, particularly those with disseminated infection, probably should receive therapy as long as their immune systems remain impaired. Some of the species discussed include Mycobacterium alsiense, M. celatum, M. gordonae, M. haemophilum, M. kyorinense, M. malmoense, M. simiae complex, M. szulgai, M. terrae complex, M. ulcerans, and M. xenopi.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Environmental Microbiology; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Rifampin
PubMed: 27837745
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0012-2016 -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Nov 2018Nontuberculous mycobacteria are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that can often cause human infection, although they may also be considered to be contaminants or... (Review)
Review
Nontuberculous mycobacteria are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that can often cause human infection, although they may also be considered to be contaminants or colonisers on occasions. The management of these infections must necessarily take into account the identification of isolated species and their in vitro susceptibility testing (although not for all of them), as well as the characteristics of the patient, because these treatments are usually prolonged and must be carried out by experts in the management of these infections. Classically divided into slowly growing mycobacteria and rapidly growing mycobacteria, the treatment regimens and the antibiotics used are different for both groups. In addition, in certain circumstances, this treatment must necessarily be linked to other measures (removal of foreign bodies, surgery) in order to maximise the likelihood of curing the patient.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Biofilms; Disease Management; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 29217094
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.10.008 -
The International Journal of... Oct 2014Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a group of rapidly growing mycobacteria, and an emerging cause of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in patients with cystic... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a group of rapidly growing mycobacteria, and an emerging cause of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic lung diseases, such as bronchiectasis. M. abscessus complex is the most drug-resistant of the mycobacterial pathogens, resulting in limited therapeutic options and a high treatment failure rate. M. abscessus complex is comprised of three closely related subspecies: M. abscessus (sensu stricto), M. massiliense and M. bolletii. M. abscessus encodes a functional erythromycin ribosomal methylase gene, erm(41), which modifies the binding site for macrolide antibiotics, causing inducible macrolide resistance. However, this inducible macrolide resistance is not seen in M. massiliense, as the erm(41) gene of this subspecies is non-functional. Accordingly, treatment success rates with macrolide-based antibiotic treatment are much higher in patients with M. massiliense infections than in those infected with M. abscessus. Precise speciation of M. abscessus complex is important for predicting antibiotic susceptibilities and patient outcome.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Management; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Lung Diseases; Macrolides; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Prevalence
PubMed: 25216826
DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0134