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The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Nov 1998We have studied the activity of the weak endogenous oxidant N-chlorotaurine against Mycobacterium terrae. The study revealed slow killing of more than 2h duration by 1%...
We have studied the activity of the weak endogenous oxidant N-chlorotaurine against Mycobacterium terrae. The study revealed slow killing of more than 2h duration by 1% (55 mM) N-chlorotaurine. In the presence of ammonium chloride, however, killing times decreased to a few minutes, even by 0.1% N-chlorotaurine. This phenomenon is explained by formation of the lipophilic and therefore more bactericidal monochloramine as a result of transhalogenation of ammonia by N-chlorotaurine.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Chloramines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Taurine; Time Factors
PubMed: 9877320
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03351.x -
American Journal of Infection Control Aug 2006Pseudo-outbreaks of mycobacteria are difficult to recognize because of long incubation periods for growth and species identification. We report our experience with one...
Pseudo-outbreaks of mycobacteria are difficult to recognize because of long incubation periods for growth and species identification. We report our experience with one clinical microbiology laboratory that isolated a species of nontuberculous mycobacteria from 14 patient specimens. These specimens came from 12 patients at 2 hospitals over a 6-day period and included 6 different fluids or tissues. Because of the delay between mycobacterial specimen submission and growth in culture, the outbreak was not noted until more than a month later. Initial species determination by a reference laboratory indicated that these isolates were Mycobacterium fortuitum. One patient received treatment for presumed M fortuitum brain infection, and it was not effective in changing her clinical course. The isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for identification and typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The CDC determined that the isolates were an identical strain of M terrae, thus confirming a pseudo-outbreak. Combining pseudo-outbreak isolates with those correctly identified initially as M terrae during the 6-day period in question, there were 22 samples from 20 patients with M terrae. Since the pseudo-outbreak, the number of cultures of M terrae in the clinical laboratory has returned to baseline levels without any specific intervention.
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Diagnostic Errors; Disease Outbreaks; Equipment Contamination; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium fortuitum; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Philadelphia; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 16877101
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.12.016 -
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Jun 2020Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of organisms whose importance in medicine seems to be increasing in recent times. The increasing number of patients... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of organisms whose importance in medicine seems to be increasing in recent times. The increasing number of patients susceptible to these diseases make it necessary to expand our knowledge of therapeutic options and to explore future possibilities for the development of a therapeutic arsenal.
AREAS COVERED
In this review, the authors provide a brief introduction about the present importance of NTM and describe the present recommendations of the available guidelines for their treatment. They include a description of the future options for the management of these patients, especially focusing on new antibiotics. The authors also look at possibilities for future therapeutic options, such as antibiofilm strategies.
EXPERT OPINION
No actual changes have been made to the current recommendations for the management of most NTM infections (except perhaps the availability of nebulized amikacin). However, it is also true that we have increased the number of available antibiotic treatment options with good in vitro activity against NTM. The use of these drugs in selected cases could increase the therapeutic possibilities. However, some problems are still present, such as the knowledge of the actual meaning of a NTM isolate, and will probably be a key part of future research.
Topics: Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 32200657
DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1740205 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Feb 1998Fatty acids, alcohols, and mycolic acid cleavage products were determined for 13 ATCC strains and 24 clinical isolates, which were initially identified by biochemical...
Fatty acids, alcohols, and mycolic acid cleavage products were determined for 13 ATCC strains and 24 clinical isolates, which were initially identified by biochemical and growth characteristics as the Mycobacterium terrae complex. The clinical isolates were also analyzed by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, which divided them into five genetic entities, M. triviale (three strains), M. terrae (four strains), M. nonchromogenicum sensu stricto (seven strains), Mycobacterium sp. strain MCRO 6 (seven strains), and Mycobacterium sp. strain 31958 (one strain). After acidic methanolysis, secondary alcohols were a characteristic feature in all members of the M. terrae complex but M. triviale. In addition to the prominent secondary alcohols, 2-octadecanol and 2-eicosanol, two previously unidentified alcohols, 2-(8,15-dimethyl)docosenol and 2-(8,17-dimethyl)tetracosenol, were detected in M. nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium sp. strain MCRO 6, and Mycobacterium sp. strain 31958. Only 2-(8,17-dimethyl)tetracosenol was detected in trace amounts in M. terrae. Genetic differences were associated with differences in phenotypic characteristics, including growth at 42 degrees C and pyrazinamidase production. Based on fatty acid and alcohol composition and biochemical and genetic characteristics, M. non-chromogenicum and Mycobacterium sp. strains MCRO 6 and 31958 were found to be a closely related group, named the M. nonchromogenicum complex. Detected genetic variations associated with phenotypic characteristics may indicate further species separation of this complex. In conclusion, the results of gas-liquid chromatography fatty acid analysis, combined with those of a Tween 80 test, enable identification of the species of the M. terrae complex and their separation from other nonpigmented slowly growing mycobacteria.
Topics: Amidohydrolases; Bacteriological Techniques; Base Sequence; Chromatography, Gas; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Fatty Alcohols; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycolic Acids; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Polysorbates; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 9466766
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.36.2.499-505.1998 -
Infection Control and Hospital... May 1999To assess the mycobactericidal efficacy of an agent relatively new to disinfection, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and to compare the resistances of three Mycobacterium...
OBJECTIVES
To assess the mycobactericidal efficacy of an agent relatively new to disinfection, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and to compare the resistances of three Mycobacterium species. Mycobacterium bovis (strain BCG) was compared with Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium terrae to investigate the feasibility of using either of the latter two species in tuberculocidal testing. M. chelonae (a rapid grower) and M. terrae (an intermediate grower) both grow faster and are less virulent than M. bovis (a slow grower).
DESIGN
The quantitative suspension protocol specified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Tuberculocidal Activity Test Method (EPA test), was used throughout this study. Standard suspensions of all three species were prepared in a similar manner. Two suspensions of M. bovis, created in different laboratories, were used. These were tested against two concentrations of alkaline glutaraldehyde to provide reference data. Two concentrations of OPA were evaluated against all mycobacterial test suspensions. Four replicates of each organism-disinfectant combination were performed.
RESULTS
Results were assessed by analysis of variance. M. terrae was significantly more resistant to 0.05% OPA than either M. bovis or M. chelonae. At 0.21% OPA, M. terrae was slightly more susceptible than one test suspension of M. bovis, but not significantly different from the other. M. chelonae was significantly less resistant than the other species at both OPA concentrations. At their respective minimum effective concentration, OPA achieved a 6-log10 reduction of M. bovis in nearly one sixth the time required by glutaraldehyde (5.5 minutes vs. 32 minutes).
CONCLUSIONS
These data, along with other recent studies, lend support to the idea that M. terrae may be a suitable test organism for use in the tuberculocidal efficacy testing of disinfectants. They also confirm the relatively rapid tuberculocidal activity of OPA.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cattle; Disinfectants; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium bovis; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Species Specificity; Tuberculosis, Bovine; o-Phthalaldehyde
PubMed: 10349948
DOI: 10.1086/501625 -
The American Review of Respiratory... Dec 1989We investigated an increase in the number of patient specimens yielding Mycobacterium terrae in 1986, isolation of M. terrae was associated with specimens obtained from...
We investigated an increase in the number of patient specimens yielding Mycobacterium terrae in 1986, isolation of M. terrae was associated with specimens obtained from inpatients at our new hospital, but not with specimens referred from other hospitals [37(+)/144 inpatient specimens versus 2(+)/26 referred specimens, p less than 0.05]. By October 31, 1987, we had identified 163 positive specimens from 131 patients. All M. terrae were isolated from specimens obtained from non-sterile sites, i.e., respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urine. No clinical disease related to M. terrae occurred. Review of procedures and cultures of solutions used in the Microbiology Laboratory suggested the source of M. terrae was not in the Microbiology Laboratory. An analysis of case location showed an association with hospital tier (p less than 0.05), a pattern matching the design of the potable water system of the hospital. M. terrae was cultured from multiple outlets of this system. There appeared to be multiple modes of transmission of M. terrae from this reservoir. Control measures included avoidance of water sources during specimen collection and hyperchlorination of the potable water system. These measures appeared to result in the disappearance of M. terrae from subsequent clinical specimens. We believe this to be the first report defining the epidemiologic aspects of M. terrae contaminating clinical specimens.
Topics: Bronchi; Bronchoscopy; Case-Control Studies; Feces; Hospitals; Humans; Michigan; Mycobacterium; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Sputum; Stomach; Urine; Water Microbiology; Water Supply
PubMed: 2604290
DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1614 -
The Journal of Hygiene Apr 1985
Review
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Granuloma; Hot Temperature; Humans; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Swimming Pools; Terminology as Topic; Water
PubMed: 3886781
DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400061349 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Jul 1992Between 1981 and 1990, cultures of specimens from 86 patients at State University of New York-Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn were positive for nontuberculous...
Between 1981 and 1990, cultures of specimens from 86 patients at State University of New York-Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn were positive for nontuberculous mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium avium/Mycobacterium intracellulare complex or Mycobacterium gordonae. The most common species isolated were Mycobacterium xenopi (33), Mycobacterium fortuitum (28), Mycobacterium kansasii (7), and Mycobacterium chelonae (6). Thirty-five patients (41%) had clinical and/or serological evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Patients from whom M. xenopi and M. kansasii were isolated were significantly more likely to be infected with HIV than were the remaining patients in this series. Most of the mycobacterial isolates were cultured from respiratory secretions. However, extrapulmonary infections with M. fortuitum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, Mycobacterium terrae, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum did occur among the HIV-infected patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Opportunistic Infections
PubMed: 1617056
DOI: 10.1093/clinids/15.1.161 -
The Journal of Hospital Infection Jun 1995Tuberculosis, a major killer in developing countries, is on the rise again in industrialized nations. AIDS, increased use of immunosuppression and the emergence of... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis, a major killer in developing countries, is on the rise again in industrialized nations. AIDS, increased use of immunosuppression and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) have further enhanced its significance. TB is projected to cause 3.5 million deaths per year by 2000. Also, other types of mycobacteria are being incriminated in human infections with increasing frequency. Thus, the enhanced risk of nosocomial and iatrogenic spread of mycobacteria is forcing a review of infection control in general and claims of mycobactericidal activity of disinfectants in particular. Mycobacteria are more resistant to disinfection than enveloped viruses and other types of vegetative bacteria, but a proper comparison with non-enveloped viruses requires more data. Flaws in currently used protocols for mycobacterial activity are: (i) a lack of proper quantitation; (ii) unrealistically long contact times at higher than ambient temperatures; (iii) absence of a suitable organic load; (iv) ineffective neutralizers; (v) unsuitable surrogates for M. tuberculosis; (vi) improper recovery media; and (vii) inappropriate types of carriers. Furthermore, we have recently found a product meant for 14 day reuse to become non-mycobactericidal after only a week under actual use in an endoscopy unit. These considerations make the available data on product efficacy unreliable, especially in view of the increasing threat from MDR-TB. Recent findings suggest that the use of Mycobacterium terrae as a surrogate, better recovery media, flat surfaces as carriers, elimination of neutralizers, proper removal of cell clumps and a required > or = 4 log10 reduction in the number of colony forming units of the test bacterium after disinfectant treatment should make mycobacteridal tests more precise and reliable, thus making product registration and selection easier. There is also an urgent need to develop standardized protocols to determine the mycobactericidal activity of disinfectants under conditions of reuse.
Topics: Disease Reservoirs; Disinfectants; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 7560975
DOI: 10.1016/0195-6701(95)90041-1 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Autophagy is critically involved in host defense pathways through targeting and elimination of numerous pathogens autophagic machinery. Nontuberculous mycobacteria... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is critically involved in host defense pathways through targeting and elimination of numerous pathogens autophagic machinery. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) are ubiquitous microbes, have become increasingly prevalent, and are emerging as clinically important strains due to drug-resistant issues. Compared to (Mtb), the causal pathogen for human tuberculosis, the roles of autophagy remain largely uncharacterized in the context of a variety of NTM infections. Compelling evidence suggests that host autophagy activation plays an essential role in the enhancement of antimicrobial immune responses and controlling pathological inflammation against various NTM infections. As similar to Mtb, it is believed that NTM bacteria evolve multiple strategies to manipulate and hijack host autophagy pathways. Despite this, we are just beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between pathogen and the host autophagy system in a battle with NTM bacteria. In this review, we will explore the function of autophagy, which is involved in shaping host-pathogen interaction and disease outcomes during NTM infections. These efforts will lead to the development of autophagy-based host-directed therapeutics against NTM infection.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Autophagy; Biological Evolution; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 34552591
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728742