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Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Apr 2003Diagnosis of infection due to nontuberculous mycobacteria is not easy, as it must be distinguished from colonization or contamination by other nontuberculous... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Diagnosis of infection due to nontuberculous mycobacteria is not easy, as it must be distinguished from colonization or contamination by other nontuberculous mycobacteria. Molecular methods offer many advantages over conventional methods of identification. The results are obtained rapidly, are reliable and reproducible, and even mixed or contaminated cultures can be examined. This review highlights the recent advances in molecular techniques for identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria.
RECENT FINDINGS
Nontuberculous mycobacteria are ubiquitous towards the environment and have the potential to colonize and cause serious infection. An increasing number of species and clinical presentations are being described, and progress has been made towards the understanding of the underlying predisposing factors. Disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria is often associated with various forms of immunosuppression, particularly HIV infection, whereas mild forms of immune defects have been observed in some patients who, apart from their nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, seem to be healthy on initial examination. Molecular techniques have shown their usefulness for the identification of most mycobacteria. Probes are widely used in clinical laboratories for the identification of the most common mycobacterial species. Because automated DNA sequencing and the programs for analysing sequence data have become technically simpler, polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing is now used in many mycobacterial reference laboratories as a routine method for species identification.
SUMMARY
Significant advances have been made with molecular tools for diagnosis of mycobacteria. The DNA microarray technique holds great promise for the future because it is easy to perform, it can be readily automated, and it allows the identification of a large number of mycobacterial species in one reaction.
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA Probes; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 12734439
DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200304000-00003 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Jun 2021Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a rare cause of infectious tenosynovitis of the upper extremity. Using molecular methods, clinical microbiology laboratories are...
BACKGROUND
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a rare cause of infectious tenosynovitis of the upper extremity. Using molecular methods, clinical microbiology laboratories are increasingly reporting identification down to the species level. Improved methods for speciation are revealing new insights into the clinical and epidemiologic features of rare NTM infections.
METHODS
We encountered 3 cases of epidemiologically linked upper extremity NTM tenosynovitis associated with exposure to hurricane-damaged wood. We conducted whole-genome sequencing to assess isolate relatedness followed by a literature review of NTM infections that involved the upper extremity.
RESULTS
Despite shared epidemiologic risk, the cases were caused by 3 distinct organisms. Two cases were rare infections caused by closely related but distinct species within the Mycobacterium terrae complex that could not be differentiated by traditional methods. The third case was caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare. An updated literature review that focused on research that used modern molecular speciation methods found that several species within the M. terrae complex are increasingly reported as a cause of upper extremity tenosynovitis, often in association with environmental exposures.
CONCLUSIONS
These cases illustrate the importance of molecular methods for speciating phenotypically similar NTM, as well as the limitations of laboratory-based surveillance in detecting point-source outbreaks when the source is environmental and may involve multiple organisms.
Topics: Cyclonic Storms; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Tenosynovitis
PubMed: 33136139
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1665 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Mar 2021Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is highly prevalent, characterized by the constant occurrence of drug-resistant cases, and confounded by...
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is highly prevalent, characterized by the constant occurrence of drug-resistant cases, and confounded by the incidence of respiratory disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTB). Expanding the spectrum of drugs for the treatment of TB is indispensable. Loperamide, an antidiarrhoeal drug, enhances immune-driven antimycobacterial activity, and we aimed to evaluate its bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium terrae and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Loperamide exhibited an inhibitory effect against all mycobacterial species tested, with MICs of 100 and 150 μg ml . Thus, loperamide is a mycobactericidal drug with potential as adjunctive therapy for TB and NTB infections.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Loperamide; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 33220096
DOI: 10.1111/lam.13432 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul 2017
Topics: Chimera; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; United Kingdom
PubMed: 28628453
DOI: 10.3201/eid2307.170442 -
The European Respiratory Journal Jun 2008The nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) exhibit heterogeneous pathogenicity in humans. Articles on known and potential human factors capable of producing susceptibility to... (Review)
Review
The nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) exhibit heterogeneous pathogenicity in humans. Articles on known and potential human factors capable of producing susceptibility to NTM lung disease (NTMLD) were identified by a systematic search of the medical literature, and are reviewed in the present study. Patients with pre-existing structural lung disease are known to be at risk of NTMLD. Other susceptible groups have become recognised since the 1980s, in particular middle-aged nonsmokers without previous lung disease (a group including those with Lady Windermere syndrome) and patients with genetically determined defects of cell-mediated immunity, including abnormalities of the interleukin-12/interferon-gamma axis, certain human leukocyte antigen alleles, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutations, and polymorphisms of solute carrier 11A1 (or natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1) and the vitamin D receptor. Information is also accruing about acquired systemic causes of susceptibility to NTMLD, including inhibitory antibodies directed against interferon-gamma, post-menopausal waning of endogenous oestrogen levels, coeliac disease and exposure to use of dietary phyto-oestrogens. It is not known whether immunosuppressive factors, such as oral corticosteroid treatment, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus and other known risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis, are also risk factors for the development of NTMLD. Caution is appropriate in managing such patients.
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Lung Diseases; Lung Transplantation; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 18515557
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00140007 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Aug 1978
Review
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Pakistan
PubMed: 100630
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2001The epidemiology and the natural distribution of Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M. smegmatis, M. scrofulaceum, M.... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterial infections in domestic and wild animals due to Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M. smegmatis, M. scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M. genavense.
The epidemiology and the natural distribution of Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M. smegmatis, M. scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M. genavense are described. In addition to the bacteriological, biochemical and genetic characteristics, the authors review the pathology of these species, including the natural and experimental diseases and the accompanying lesions, diagnosis, antibiotic sensitivities and treatment of animal infections caused by these mycobacteria.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 11288516
DOI: 10.20506/rst.20.1.1269 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2003Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium terrae were reported to be frequently present in the environment of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG trial area in south India. Six...
Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium terrae were reported to be frequently present in the environment of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG trial area in south India. Six isolates of M. chelonae and four isolates of M. terrae obtained from different sources in this area were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to examine large-restriction-fragment (LRF) polymorphism using the chromosomal DNA digested with DraI and XbaI restriction enzymes. With the exception of one isolate of M. terrae, DNA from all other isolates could be digested with DraI and XbaI and resulted in separable fragments. Visual comparison of the LRFs showed a unique pattern for each of the isolates tested. A computer-assisted dendrogram of the percent similarity demonstrated a high degree of genetic diversity in this group of isolates. This study demonstrates that species of nontuberculous mycobacteria, particularly M. chelonae and M. terrae, can be successfully typed by their LRF pattern using PFGE, which does not require species-specific DNA probes.
Topics: BCG Vaccine; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium chelonae; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 12839827
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.7.4337-4341.2003 -
Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2006'Mycobacterium habana' was proposed as a distinct species within the genus Mycobacterium; however, it is actually a synonym of Mycobacterium simiae and included in the... (Review)
Review
'Mycobacterium habana' was proposed as a distinct species within the genus Mycobacterium; however, it is actually a synonym of Mycobacterium simiae and included in the serotype I of this species. The potential use of 'M. habana' as a vaccine in both leprosy and tuberculosis has led to the analysis of its lipid composition in an attempt to define distinctive markers that could be used in the quality control of true strains of this bacterium. Lipids of taxonomic value (fatty and mycolic acids) are similar in 'M. habana' and M. simiae; nevertheless, they clearly differ on the basis of glycopeptidolipid (GPL) composition. Thus, contrary to M. simiae, most strains of 'M. habana' can be defined by the presence of three polar compounds, designated GPL-I, GPL-II and GPL-III, easily determined by thin-layer chromatography, and characterized, respectively, by the content of l-fucose, 2,4-di-O-Me-d-glucuronic acid, and 4-O-Me-d-glucuronic acid, as epitopes.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bacterial Vaccines; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Fatty Acids; Glycolipids; Humans; Leprosy; Lipids; Mice; Mycolic Acids; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Tuberculosis Vaccines
PubMed: 16632407
DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2006.03.002 -
Annual Review of Microbiology 1998Nosocomial outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks caused by the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been recognized for more than 20 years and continue to be a problem. Most... (Review)
Review
Nosocomial outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks caused by the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been recognized for more than 20 years and continue to be a problem. Most of these outbreaks have involved the rapidly growing mycobacterial species Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. abscessus. The reservoir for these outbreaks is generally municipal and (often separate) hospital water supplies. These mycobacterial species and others are incredibly hardy, able to grow in municipal and distilled water, thrive at temperatures of 45 degrees C or above (M. xenopi and M. avium complex), and resist the activity of organomercurials, chlorine, 2% concentrations of formaldehyde and alkaline glutaraldehyde, and other commonly used disinfectants. Disease outbreaks usually involve sternal wound infections, plastic surgery wound infections, or postinjection abscesses. Pseudo-outbreaks most commonly relate to contaminated bronchoscopes and endoscopic cleaning machines (M. abscessus) and contaminated hospital water supplies (M. xenopi). Knowledge of the reservoir of these species, their great survival capabilities within the hospital, and newer molecular techniques for strain comparison have helped control and more quickly identify current nosocomial outbreaks or pseudo-outbreaks caused by the NTM.
Topics: Bronchoscopy; Chlorine; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Formaldehyde; Humans; Injections; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Organomercury Compounds; Surgery, Plastic; Water Microbiology; Water Supply; Wound Infection
PubMed: 9891805
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.453