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The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Dec 2023Atopic diseases are characterized by type 2 inflammation, with high levels of allergen-specific T2 cell immune responses and elevated production of IgE. These common... (Review)
Review
Atopic diseases are characterized by type 2 inflammation, with high levels of allergen-specific T2 cell immune responses and elevated production of IgE. These common disorders have increased in incidence around the world, which is partly explained by detrimental disturbances to the early-life intestinal microbiome. Although most studies have focused exclusively on bacterial members of the microbiome, intestinal fungi have started to be recognized for their impact on host immune development and atopy pathogenesis. From this perspective, we review recent findings demonstrating the strong interactions between members of the mycobiome and the host immune system early in life, leading to immune tolerance during eubiosis or inducing sensitization and overt T2 cell responses during dysbiosis. Current evidence places intestinal fungi as central players in the development of allergic diseases and potential targets for atopy prevention and treatments.
Topics: Humans; Mycobiome; Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Allergens; Inflammation; Fungi
PubMed: 37865199
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.006 -
Gut Sep 2022The human gut fungal community, known as the mycobiome, plays a fundamental role in the gut ecosystem and health. Here we aimed to investigate the determinants and...
OBJECTIVE
The human gut fungal community, known as the mycobiome, plays a fundamental role in the gut ecosystem and health. Here we aimed to investigate the determinants and long-term stability of gut mycobiome among middle-aged and elderly adults. We further explored the interplay between gut fungi and bacteria on metabolic health.
DESIGN
The present study included 1244 participants from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study. We characterised the long-term stability and determinants of the human gut mycobiome, especially long-term habitual dietary consumption. The comprehensive multiomics analyses were performed to investigate the ecological links between gut bacteria, fungi and faecal metabolome. Finally, we examined whether the interaction between gut bacteria and fungi could modulate the metabolic risk.
RESULTS
The gut fungal composition was temporally stable and mainly determined by age, long-term habitual diet and host physiological states. Specifically, compared with middle-aged individuals, and spp were depleted, while was enriched in the elderly. Dairy consumption was positively associated with but inversely associated with . Notably, spp interacted with gut bacterial diversity to influence insulin resistance. Bidirectional mediation analyses indicated that bacterial function or faecal histidine might causally mediate an impact of on blood cholesterol.
CONCLUSION
We depict the sociodemographic and dietary determinants of human gut mycobiome in middle-aged and elderly individuals, and further reveal that the gut mycobiome may be closely associated with the host metabolic health through regulating gut bacterial functions and metabolites.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteria; Ecosystem; Feces; Fungi; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycobiome
PubMed: 35017200
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326298 -
WIREs Mechanisms of Disease 2023Fungi, being a necessary component of the gut microbiome, potentially have direct or indirect effects on the health and illness status of the host. The gut mycobiome is... (Review)
Review
Fungi, being a necessary component of the gut microbiome, potentially have direct or indirect effects on the health and illness status of the host. The gut mycobiome is an inducer of the host's immunity, maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and protecting against infections, as well as a reservoir of opportunistic microorganisms and a potential cofactor when the host is immunocompromised. In addition, gut fungi interact with a diverse range of microbes in the intestinal niches. In this article, we reviewed the composition of gut mycobiome, their association with host health and illness, and summarized the specific Candida albicans-host interactions, in order to provide insights and directions for the ongoing study of fungi. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mycobiome; Candida albicans
PubMed: 37157158
DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1611 -
Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine :... May 2022Fungi, a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, play distinct roles in health and disease. Recent advances in the field of mycobiology have enabled the characterization... (Review)
Review
Fungi, a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, play distinct roles in health and disease. Recent advances in the field of mycobiology have enabled the characterization of the "human mycobiome." The human mycobiome has extensively been studied in various disease models. However, to date, the role of the oral mycobiome in oral carcinogenesis has yet to be elucidated. Candida albicans, the most common oral colonizer, has been speculated to display tumorigenic effects; however, the literature lacks consistent documentation from mechanistic studies on whether oral mycobiota act as drivers, facilitators, or passive colonizers of oral premalignancy and cancer. This review article provides an overview of existing hypothesis-driven mechanistic models that outline the complex interplay between the oral mycobiome and oral epithelial dysplasia as well as their potential clinical implications.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Mycobiome; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 35347760
DOI: 10.1111/jop.13295 -
Journal of Gastroenterology Jan 2021The human gut microbiome (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) is a complex and diverse ecosystem. It plays an important role in human health, but is involved in... (Review)
Review
The human gut microbiome (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) is a complex and diverse ecosystem. It plays an important role in human health, but is involved in several intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Most research to date has focused on the role of bacteria, while studies focusing on fungi (also referred to as "mycobiome" or "fungome") are still in its infancy. In this review, we focus on the existing literature available about the gut mycobiome with an emphasis on compositional mycobiome changes associated with liver diseases, the impact on pathogenesis of disease, and its potential use as therapeutic targets. We also provide insights into current methodologies of studying mycobiome, and we highlight the interkingdom interactions in the context of disease and how they affect health of the host. Herein, by focusing on the gut mycobiome, this review provides novel insights and directions for liver research.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Liver Diseases; Mycobiome
PubMed: 33151407
DOI: 10.1007/s00535-020-01740-5 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Dec 2023Mammalian microbiomes have coevolved with their host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship. Multifaceted commensal-host and commensal-commensal interactions... (Review)
Review
Mammalian microbiomes have coevolved with their host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship. Multifaceted commensal-host and commensal-commensal interactions contribute to the maintenance of the equilibrium with an impact on diverse host physiological processes. Despite constant exposure to physical and chemical insults from the environment, the skin harbors a surprisingly stable microbiome. The fungal compartment of the skin microbiome, the skin mycobiome, is unique in that it is dominated by a single fungus, Malassezia. The lack in diversity suggests that the skin may provide a unique niche for this fungal genus and that Malassezia may efficiently outcompete other fungi from the skin. This opinion article examines aspects in support of this hypothesis, discusses how changes in niche conditions associate with skin mycobiome dysregulation, and highlights an emerging example of Malassezia being displaced from the skin by the emerging fungal pathogen C. auris, thereby generating a predisposing situation for fatal-invasive infection.
Topics: Animals; Mycobiome; Skin; Microbiota; Malassezia; Symbiosis; Fungi; Mammals
PubMed: 37703811
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102381 -
Gut Microbes 2023In recent years, it has become clear that gut microbiota plays a major role in the human body, both in health and disease. Because of that, the gut microbiome and its... (Review)
Review
In recent years, it has become clear that gut microbiota plays a major role in the human body, both in health and disease. Because of that, the gut microbiome and its impact on human well-being are getting wider and wider attention. Studies focused on the liver are not an exception. However, the majority of the analyses are concentrated on the bacterial part of the gut microbiota, while the fungi living in the human intestines are often omitted or underappreciated. This review is focused on the gut mycobiome as an important factor that should be taken into consideration regarding liver homeostasis and its perturbations. We have collected the findings in this field and we discuss their importance. We aim to emphasize the fungal compositional changes related to liver diseases and, by that, provide novel insights into the directions of liver research and gut microbiota as a therapeutic target for liver diseases.
Topics: Humans; Mycobiome; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Liver Diseases
PubMed: 37184158
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2211922 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Aug 2021The inclusion of fungi in recent human and animal microbiome studies has revealed that microbiome features associated with health or disease are not exclusively... (Review)
Review
The inclusion of fungi in recent human and animal microbiome studies has revealed that microbiome features associated with health or disease are not exclusively bacterial. Factors known to impact bacterial microbiome development, such as gestational age at birth, breast feeding status and antibiotics also impact the mycobiome. Strong inter-kingdom interactions take place in the luminal gut, and while the mycobiome exhibits increased inter-individual variability, certain fungi are stable colonizers. Here, we review recent studies showing that the gut mycobiome also plays an important role in disease states related to host immunity and energy metabolism. Some persistent species, such as Candida sp., as well as other less stable colonizers have been shown to play an important role in host-mycobiome immune cross talk. Mechanisms by which gut fungi interact with immune development have begun to be elucidated yet the majority remain elusive. Further investigation into these immune and metabolic mechanisms hold great potential for novel discoveries and will provided a much needed multi-kingdom understanding of the microbiome's influence on host health.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Fungi; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Microbiota; Mycobiome
PubMed: 33993019
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.004 -
Virulence Apr 2017The fungi that reside in the human lungs represent an understudied, but medically relevant comm-unity. From the few studies published on the lung mycobiome, we find that... (Review)
Review
The fungi that reside in the human lungs represent an understudied, but medically relevant comm-unity. From the few studies published on the lung mycobiome, we find that there are fungi in both the healthy and diseased respiratory tract, that these fungi vary widely between individuals, and that there is a trend toward lower fungal diversity among individuals with disease. This review discusses the few studies of the lung mycobiome and details the challenges that accompany lung mycobiome studies. These challenges include sample collection and processing, sequence amplification and processing, and a history of multiple names for species. Some challenges may never be solved, but others can be solved with more data and additional studies of the lung mycobiome.
Topics: Fungi; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Lung; Microbiota; Mycobiome
PubMed: 27687858
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1235671 -
Experimental Eye Research Apr 2022The focus of the current review is multi-fold and compares the diversity and abundance of fungi on the ocular surface by the conventional culture-based method with the... (Review)
Review
The focus of the current review is multi-fold and compares the diversity and abundance of fungi on the ocular surface by the conventional culture-based method with the more sensitive, high throughput, culture-independent NGS method. The aim is to highlight the existence of a core ocular mycobiome and explore the transition of the ocular fungal microbiota from the normal eye to the diseased eye. PubMed, Google Scholar and Medline were used to search for publications and reviews related to cultivable fungi and the mycobiome of the normal and diseased eye. The conventional cultivable approach and the NGS approach confirm that the eye has its own mycobiome and several confounding factors (age, gender, ethnicity etc.) influence the mycobiome. Further, dysbiosis in the mycobiome appears to be associated with ocular diseases and thus impacts the health of the human eye. Considering that the mycobiome of the eye is influenced by several confounding factors and also varies with respect to the disease status of the eye there is a need to extensively explore the mycobiome under different physiological conditions, different ethnicities, geographical regions etc. Such studies would unravel the diversity and abundance of the mycobiomes and contribute to our understanding of ocular health. Research focused on ocular mycobiomes may eventually help to build a targeted and individualized treatment.
Topics: Eye; Fungi; Humans; Mycobiome
PubMed: 35120870
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108968