-
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Jun 2021Within Mycoplasma genus, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis or U. urealyticum are the main species that have been traditionally linked to infectious processes.... (Review)
Review
Within Mycoplasma genus, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis or U. urealyticum are the main species that have been traditionally linked to infectious processes. However, there are many other species involved in these conditions and that are, frequently, unfamiliar to healthcare professionals. The aim of this review is to identify all Mycoplasma genus species that have been isolated in human beings and to determine their involvement in infectious pathology.
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum
PubMed: 33735544
DOI: 10.37201/req/014.2021 -
Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi. Japanese... 2015Mycoplasmas are smallest organisms capable of self-replication and cause various diseases in human. Especially, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is known as an etiological agent of... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasmas are smallest organisms capable of self-replication and cause various diseases in human. Especially, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is known as an etiological agent of pneumonia. From 2010 to 2012, epidemics of M. pneumoniae infections were reported worldwide (e.g., in France, Israel, and Japan). In the diseases caused by mycoplasmas, strong inflammatory responses induced by mycoplasmas have been thought to be important. However, mycoplasmas lack of cell wall and do not possess inflammation-inducing endotoxin such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We purified inflammation-inducing factors from pathogenic mycoplasmas and identified that they were lipoproteins. Lipoproteins derived from mycoplasmas induced inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2. In addition, we demonstrated that cytadherent property of M. pneumoniae played an important role in induction of inflammatory responses. Cytadherent property of M. pneumoniae induced inflammatory responses through TLR2 independent pathway. TLR4, inflammasomes, and autophagy were involved in this TLR2 independent induction of inflammatory responses.
Topics: Autophagy; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Translocation; Humans; Inflammasomes; Lipoproteins; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 26632216
DOI: 10.3412/jsb.70.369 -
Critical Reviews in Microbiology 1988Unlike bacterial viruses that infect cells bounded by a cell wall, mycoplasma viruses have evolved to enter and propagate in mycoplasma cells bounded only by a single... (Review)
Review
Unlike bacterial viruses that infect cells bounded by a cell wall, mycoplasma viruses have evolved to enter and propagate in mycoplasma cells bounded only by a single lipid-protein cell membrane. In addition, mycoplasmas have the smallest amount of genetic information of any known cells, so their complexity is constrained by a limited genetic coding capacity. As a consequence of these host cell differences, mycoplasma viruses have been found to have a variety of structures and replication strategies which are different from those of the bacterial viruses. This article is a critical review of mycoplasma viruses infecting the genera Acholeplasma, Spiroplasma, and Mycoplasma; included are data on classification, morphology and structure, biological and physical properties, chemical composition, and productive and lysogenic replication cycles.
Topics: Acholeplasma; Bacteriophages; Mycoplasma; Spiroplasma
PubMed: 3060317
DOI: 10.3109/10408418809104462 -
Nordisk Medicin Aug 1969
Review
Topics: Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Culture Techniques; Demeclocycline; Erythromycin; Humans; L Forms; Microscopy, Electron; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 4980149
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular and Cellular Probes 2011Mycoplasmas, particularly species of the genera Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma, are known to be occasional microbial contaminants of cell cultures that produce biologics.... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasmas, particularly species of the genera Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma, are known to be occasional microbial contaminants of cell cultures that produce biologics. This presents a serious concern regarding the risk of mycoplasma contamination for research laboratories and commercial facilities developing and manufacturing cell-derived biological and biopharmaceutical products for therapeutic use. Potential undetected contamination of these products or process intermediates with mycoplasmas represents a potential safety risk for patients and a business risk for producers of biopharmaceuticals. To minimize these risks, monitoring for adventitious agents, such as viruses and mycoplasmas, is performed during the manufacture of biologics produced in cell culture substrates. The "gold standard" microbiological assay, currently recommended by the USP, EP, JP and the US FDA, for the mycoplasma testing of biologics, involves the culture of viable mycoplasmas in broth, agar plates and indicator cells. Although the procedure enables highly efficient mycoplasma detection in cell substrates and cell-derived products, the overall testing strategy is time consuming (a minimum of 28 days) and requires skilled interpretation of the results. The long time period required for these conventional assays does not permit their use for products with short shelf-lives or for timely 'go/no-go' decisions during routine in-process testing. PCR methodology has existed for decades, however PCR based and other alternative methods for mycoplasma detection have only recently been considered for application to biologics manufacture. The application of alternative nucleic acid-based, enzyme-based and/or recombinant cell-culture methods, particularly in combination with efficient sample preparation procedures, could provide advantages over conventional microbiological methods in terms of analytical throughput, simplicity, and turnaround time. However, a challenge to the application of alternative methods for detection of mycoplasmas remains whether these alternative methods can provide a limit of detection comparable or superior to those of the culture methods. An additional challenge is that nucleic acid amplification technique (NAT) methods do not allow for accurate discrimination between viable and non-viable mycoplasma contaminants, which might lead to false-positive results (e.g. from inactivated raw materials, etc.). Our review provides an overview of these alternative methods and discusses the pros and cons of their application for the testing of mycoplasmas in biologics and cell substrates.
Topics: DNA, Bacterial; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Bacterial; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 21232597
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2011.01.002 -
Biologicals : Journal of the... Mar 2010This brief historical development of the biology of the mycoplasmas begins with their discovery in 1898 to the present. Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living... (Review)
Review
This brief historical development of the biology of the mycoplasmas begins with their discovery in 1898 to the present. Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living microorganisms and for years were thought to be viruses because they passed through the usual bacterial filters. They lack a cell wall, are widespread in nature and many are animal, plant and human pathogens. The extensive use of cell cultures in the last fifty years and their frequent contamination with mycoplasmas, together with their possession of the smallest genome of any free-living organism, has drawn enormous attention to these organisms and has revealed considerably more about their biology.
Topics: Animals; Biomedical Research; Cell Division; Cell Proliferation; Energy Metabolism; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Microbiological Techniques; Microbiology; Models, Biological; Mycoplasma
PubMed: 20149687
DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.11.008 -
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1983Although known as a separate group of organisms since 1898, the isolation in 1937 of a human genital mycoplasma represented the first observation of the association of... (Review)
Review
Although known as a separate group of organisms since 1898, the isolation in 1937 of a human genital mycoplasma represented the first observation of the association of this group of organisms with humans, a discovery that provided the impetus for extensive investigations of the interactions of mycoplasmas with the human host. These studies showed that mycoplasmas were frequent inhabitants of the mucous membranes of the urogenital and upper respiratory tracts. In early studies of human mycoplasmas, they were not speciated but were assigned to this group of organisms almost exclusively on the basis of cultural characteristics. However, differentiation between groups of human genital and oral mycoplasmas based on cultural, morphologic, biochemical, and serologic properties was achieved in 1953. A few years later formal proposals for the establishment of three human species of Mycoplasma (including Mycoplasma hominis) were made, along with suggestions for a new classification and nomenclature of the mycoplasmas. Serologic, genetic, and other data clearly show that M. hominis does constitute a relatively heterogeneous group of organisms. However, although this heterogeneity has practical implications for identification of isolates of M. hominis and for demonstration of antibodies to M. hominis, further studies are necessary to justify formal recognition of a taxonomic subdivision of M. hominis into distinct serovars. Investigations of the role of M. hominis as a potential human pathogen date back to the very first years of its discovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Bacteriology; Europe; History, 20th Century; Mycoplasma; Terminology as Topic; United States
PubMed: 6364403
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Sep 2019The pathogenic role of mycoplasmas in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of dogs is debated, because mycoplasmas can be isolated from both healthy and sick dogs. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The pathogenic role of mycoplasmas in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of dogs is debated, because mycoplasmas can be isolated from both healthy and sick dogs.
OBJECTIVES
To critically assess available data from controlled observational studies on the role of 4 mycoplasma species in LRT disease of dogs.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analyses.
METHODS
Seven electronic databases were searched for relevant publications. Risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses, stratified by mycoplasmal species, were performed using a random effects Bayesian model with noninformative priors to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma canis, Mycoplasma spumans, and Mycoplasma edwardii and LRT disease in dogs.
RESULTS
Five studies were included from 1201 references identified. All studies dealt with M. cynos, whereas 3 dealt with the other mycoplasma species. A significant association was found between M. cynos and LRT disease (Bayesian OR, 3.60; CI, 1.31-10.29). Conversely, M. canis, M. spumans, and M. edwardii were not significantly associated with LRT signs (Bayesian OR, 1.06; CI, 0.10-14.63; Bayesian OR, 3.40; CI, 0.16-54.27; and Bayesian OR, 1.04; CI, 0.05-23.54, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Results support a pathogenic role of M. cynos and a commensal role of M. canis and M. edwardii in LRT in dogs. Although the association was not significant based on the CI, the point estimate of the Bayesian OR was relatively high for M. spumans, making its role less clear. Mycoplasma cynos-specific polymerase chain reaction should be considered on samples from dogs with LRT.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 31297880
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15568 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 1998
-
Biochimie 1999The cell reproduction cycle of parasitic wall-free bacteria, mycoplasma, is reviewed. DNA replication of Mycoplasma capricolum starts at a fixed site neighboring the... (Review)
Review
The cell reproduction cycle of parasitic wall-free bacteria, mycoplasma, is reviewed. DNA replication of Mycoplasma capricolum starts at a fixed site neighboring the dnaA gene and proceeds to both directions after a short arrest in one direction. The initiation frequency fits to the slow speed of replication fork and DNA content is set constant. The replicated chromosomes migrate to one and three quarters of cell length before cell division to ensure delivery of the replicated DNA to daughter cells. The cell reproduction is based on binary fission but a branch is formed when DNA replication is inhibited. Mycoplasma pneumoniae has a terminal structure, designated as an attachment organelle, responsible for both host cell adhesion and gliding motility. Behavior of the organelle in a cell implies coupling of organelle formation to the cell reproduction cycle. Several proteins coded in three operons are delivered sequentially to a position neighboring the previous organelle and a nascent one is formed. One of the duplicated attachment organelles migrates to the opposite pole of the cell before cell division. It is becoming clear that mycoplasmas have specialized cell reproduction cycles adapted to the limited genome information and parasitic life.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Cell Division; Cell Polarity; DNA Replication; Genome, Bacterial; Mycoplasma; Organelles
PubMed: 10572300
DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)00209-6