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International Journal of Systematic and... Mar 2004Eperythrozoon ovis, an erythrocytic agent that causes haemolytic anaemia in sheep and goats, occurs worldwide and is currently thought to be a rickettsia. To determine...
Eperythrozoon ovis, an erythrocytic agent that causes haemolytic anaemia in sheep and goats, occurs worldwide and is currently thought to be a rickettsia. To determine the relationship between this agent and other haemotrophic bacterial parasites, the 16S rRNA gene of this organism was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this wall-less bacterium is not a rickettsia, but a mycoplasma. This mycoplasma is related closely to several other uncultivated, epierythrocytic mycoplasmas that comprise a recently identified group, the haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas). The haemoplasma group is composed of former Eperythrozoon and Haemobartonella species, as well as newly identified epierythrocytic mycoplasmas. Haemoplasmas parasitize the surface of erythrocytes of a wide variety of vertebrate animal hosts and are transmitted mainly by blood-feeding arthropod vectors. Recognition that E. ovis is a mycoplasma provides a new approach to dealing with this bacterium. It is proposed that E. ovis should be reclassified as Mycoplasma ovis comb. nov.
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Animals; Erythrocytes; Goat Diseases; Goats; Hemolysis; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycoplasma; Phylogeny; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 15023944
DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02858-0 -
Avian Diseases Dec 2006Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has repeatedly emerged as a serious problem in U.S. broiler, layer, and turkey industries. Tracing the source of an outbreak is essential...
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has repeatedly emerged as a serious problem in U.S. broiler, layer, and turkey industries. Tracing the source of an outbreak is essential if MG control is to be accomplished. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) are valuable tools used to study MG epidemiology, allowing diagnosticians to determine the source of MG infections. In some past outbreaks, AFLP, RAPD, and RFLP fingerprinting, which require pure MG cultures, were not successful because of contaminating nonpathogenic mycoplasmas from field samples. The objective of this research was to develop a method to separate rapidly growing nonpathogenic avian mycoplasma species from slower-growing MG field strains. Mixtures of MG and three separate nonpathogenic avian mycoplasmas were inoculated onto chick embryo fibroblasts cells (CEF) allowing MG to penetrate the CEF cells. Later, gentamicin sulphate was added to the culture, eliminating the nonpathogenic mycoplasmas and allowing MG to be isolated in pure culture. Mixtures of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and MG could not be separated in this assay. However, removal of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and cysteine hydrochloride during serial passage in Frey broth medium successfully eliminated growth of MS.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Gentamicins; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synoviae; Species Specificity
PubMed: 17274301
DOI: 10.1637/7449-100505R2.1 -
Trends in Biotechnology Apr 1993Mycoplasma infection of cell cultures is widespread and has major detrimental effects on cellular physiology and metabolism. Since cell culture is used extensively, both... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma infection of cell cultures is widespread and has major detrimental effects on cellular physiology and metabolism. Since cell culture is used extensively, both in research and in industrial production processes, questions of primary concern arise, such as: how can mycoplasma contamination be detected; what are the effects of such contamination on cellular functions; what methods are available for eliminating contamination?
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Mycoplasma
PubMed: 7763647
DOI: 10.1016/0167-7799(93)90089-R -
Israel Journal of Medical Sciences Jul 1981Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is, unfortunately, a common occurrence. Because of their extremely small size the contamination is not readily apparent and the...
Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is, unfortunately, a common occurrence. Because of their extremely small size the contamination is not readily apparent and the presence of mycoplasmas is confirmed by culture on agar. Certain mycoplasmas, most notably Mycoplasma hyorhinis, often do not form colonies on agar due to the presence of toxic components. Other noncultural methods have been devised to detect these "noncultivable" mycoplasmas. A brief overview of these methods will be presented and an attempt made to compare their relative efficiency in detecting microbial contamination in cell cultures.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Mycoplasma
PubMed: 7026495
DOI: No ID Found -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 2010Although mycoplasmas are generally considered to be harmless commensals, some mycoplasma species are able to cause infections in pediatric, geriatric, or...
Although mycoplasmas are generally considered to be harmless commensals, some mycoplasma species are able to cause infections in pediatric, geriatric, or immunocompromised patients. Thus, accidental contamination of biologics with mycoplasmas represents a potential risk for the health of individuals who receive cell-derived biological and pharmaceutical products. To assess the efficiency of inactivation of mycoplasmas by the agents used in the manufacture of egg-derived influenza vaccines, we carried out a series of experiments aimed at monitoring the viability of mycoplasmas spiked into both chicken allantoic fluid and protein-rich microbiological media and then treated with beta-propiolactone, formalin, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Triton X-100, and sodium deoxycholate, which are agents that are commonly used for virus inactivation and disruption of viral particles during influenza vaccine production. Twenty-two mycoplasma species (with one to four strains of each species) were exposed to these inactivating agents at different concentrations. The most efficient inactivation of the mycoplasmas evaluated was observed with either 0.5% Triton X-100 or 0.5% sodium deoxycholate. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at concentrations of >or=0.08% was also able to rapidly inactivate (in less than 30 min) all mycoplasmas tested. In contrast, negligible reductions in mycoplasma titers were observed with 0.0125 to 0.025% formaldehyde. However, increasing the concentration of formaldehyde to 0.1 to 0.2% improved the mycoplasmacidal effect. Incubation of mycoplasmas with 0.1% beta-propiolactone for 1 to 24 h had a marked mycoplasmacidal effect. A comparison of the mycoplasma inactivation profiles showed that strains of selected species (Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma orale, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Acholeplasma laidlawii) represent a set of strains that can be utilized to validate the effectiveness of mycoplasma clearance obtained by inactivation and viral purification processes used for the manufacture of an inactivated egg-based vaccine.
Topics: Acholeplasma laidlawii; Animals; Cetrimonium; Cetrimonium Compounds; Chickens; Deoxycholic Acid; Eggs; Formaldehyde; Microbial Viability; Models, Biological; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Mycoplasma synoviae; Octoxynol; Propiolactone; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 20228111
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02776-09 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2021Mycoplasmas are fastidious microorganisms, typically characterised by their restricted metabolism and minimalist genome. Although there is reported evidence that some...
Mycoplasmas are fastidious microorganisms, typically characterised by their restricted metabolism and minimalist genome. Although there is reported evidence that some mycoplasmas can develop biofilms little is known about any differences in metabolism in these organisms between the growth states. A systematic metabolomics approach may help clarify differences associated between planktonic and biofilm associated mycoplasmas. In the current study, the metabolomics of two different mycoplasmas of clinical importance (Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma fermentans) were examined using a novel approach involving nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and principle component analysis. Characterisation of metabolic changes was facilitated through the generation of high-density metabolite data and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy that provided the size and structural information of the molecules under examination. This enabled the discrimination between biofilms and planktonic states for the metabolomic profiles of both organisms. This work identified clear biofilm/planktonic differences in metabolite composition for both clinical mycoplasmas and the outcomes serve to establish a baseline understanding of the changes in metabolism observed in these pathogens in their different growth states. This may offer insight into how these organisms are capable of exploiting and persisting in different niches and so facilitate their survival in the clinical setting.
Topics: Biofilms; Diffusion; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mycoplasma fermentans; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Plankton; Principal Component Analysis; Serum
PubMed: 33707544
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84326-2 -
Molecular Biotechnology Nov 2012The present study describes the use of microarray technology for rapid identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from other mycoplasmas...
The present study describes the use of microarray technology for rapid identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from other mycoplasmas that may be pathogenic to ruminants, including those of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster, genetically and antigenically strictly correlated with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. A microarray containing genetic sequences of 55 different bacterial species from Acholeplasma, Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma and Ureaplasma genera was constructed. Sequences to genes of interest were collected in FASTA format from NCBI. The collected sequences were processed with OligoPicker software. Oligonucleotides were then checked for their selectivity with BLAST searches in GenBank. The microarray was tested with ATCC/NCTC strains of Mycoplasma spp. of veterinary importance in ruminants including Mycoplasma belonging to the mycoides cluster as well as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri field strains. The results showed that but one ATCC/NCTC reference strains hybridized with their species-specific sequences showed a profile/signature different and distinct from each other. The heat-map of the hybridization results for the nine genes interrogated for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides demonstrated that the reference strain Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides PG1 was positive for all of the gene sequences spotted on the microarray. CBPP field, vaccine and reference strains were all typed to be M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, and seven of the nine strains gave positive hybridization results for all of the nine genes. Two Italian strains were negative for some of the genes. Comparison with non-Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides reference strains showed some positive signals or considerable homology to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides genes. As expected, some correlations were observed between the strictly genetically and antigenically correlated Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri strains. Specifically, we observed that some Italian Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains were positive for two out of the three Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri genes, differently from what has been observed for other European or African Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains. This study highlighted the use of microarray technology as a simple and effective method for a single-step identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from other mycoplasmas that may be pathogenic to ruminants, including those of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster, genetically and antigenically strictly correlated with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. The opportunity to discriminate several mycoplasmas in a single analysis enhances diagnostic rapidity and may represent a useful tool to screen occasionally mycoplasmas affecting animal farming in territories where diagnostic laboratory support is limited. The heat-map of the hybridization results of the comparative genomic hybridizations DNA-designed chip clearly indicates that the microarray performs well for the identification of the tested Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides reference and field strains, discriminating them from other mycoplasmas.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; DNA Primers; DNA, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Goats; Microarray Analysis; Multigene Family; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma mycoides; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity
PubMed: 22271459
DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9497-8 -
Journal of General Microbiology Sep 1984For the first time a mycoplasma has been isolated from fish. The organism, designated strain 163K, was isolated on modified Hayflick medium under aerobic conditions at...
For the first time a mycoplasma has been isolated from fish. The organism, designated strain 163K, was isolated on modified Hayflick medium under aerobic conditions at 25 degrees C from the gills of a tench (Tinca tinca L.). It showed the characteristic features of mycoplasmas. In addition it was flask-shaped with a distinct head-like structure and was able to attach to inert surfaces and living cells. The most interesting property of the organism was its ability to show fast gliding motion. Movement was only in the direction of the head-like structure and was not interrupted by resting periods.
Topics: Animals; Fishes; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Movement; Mycoplasma
PubMed: 6502137
DOI: 10.1099/00221287-130-9-2439 -
Journal of Bacteriology Sep 1968The electrophoretic patterns of cell proteins in polyacrylamide gels were used for the study of several taxonomic problems in the Mycoplasmatales. The patterns of five...
The electrophoretic patterns of cell proteins in polyacrylamide gels were used for the study of several taxonomic problems in the Mycoplasmatales. The patterns of five Mycoplasma hominis strains showed marked differences that corresponded with their known serological and nucleic acid heterogeneity. The patterns of three M. mycoides var. mycoides strains isolated in different countries were essentially identical. The electrophoretic patterns of several caprine strains resembled those of M. mycoides var. mycoides, supporting their classification as M. mycoides var. capri. Strain B3, a swine isolate, accordingly was tentatively identified as M. mycoides var. capri. The bovine mastitis strain M. agalactiae var. bovis possessed a pattern basically similar to that of the goat mastitis strain M. agalactiae, supporting the inclusion of both strains in one species. Three M. pulmonis strains isolated from rats or tissue cultures showed nearly identical patterns. The pattern of the toxigenic M. neurolyticum (Sabin A) strain resembled but was not identical with that of the nontoxigenic PG28 strain. The avian Mycoplasma species, M. gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, M. synoviae, M. gallinarum, and M. iners showed easily distinguishable and specific patterns, supporting their present classification in different species. Several improvements in the electrophoretic technique are described, and its advantages and limitations as a taxonomic tool are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Cattle; Chickens; Culture Techniques; Electrophoresis, Disc; Goats; Humans; Immune Sera; Methods; Mice; Mycoplasma; Rats; Sheep; Swine; Turkeys
PubMed: 5732504
DOI: 10.1128/jb.96.3.687-694.1968 -
Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche... 2007Phylogenetic investigations led to the definition of a new group of bacteria called haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas). The life cycle of said globally spread... (Review)
Review
Phylogenetic investigations led to the definition of a new group of bacteria called haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas). The life cycle of said globally spread bacteria is dependent on their intimate contact with their host erythrocytes. Illnesses showing symptoms of a haemolytic anaemia are usually found in cats and swine. Haemoplasmas are small pleomorphic bacteria (0.3-3 microm) with a very small genome (745-1245 kbp). To date there is very limited knowledge on their biology and the host-bacteria-interactions (immune response, pathogenesis) since these bacteria are yet not culturable. Applying modern molecular biological techniques we succeeded during the last few years in gaining new facts on the antigen structure of M.suis as well as on the immunology and pathogenesis of the porcine eperythrozoonosis. Thus we detected three main antigens two of which we expressed recombinant in our laboratory. These surface-exposed antigens serve as a basis for establishing serologic assays, and are vaccine candidates, too. Preliminary studies allowed us to find the function of an adhesin of M. suis for one of the two proteins.
Topics: Animals; Erythrocytes; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 17290941
DOI: No ID Found