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Epidemiology and Infection Nov 2015Mycoplasma infections are most frequently associated with disease in the urogenital or respiratory tracts and, in most cases, mycoplasmas infect the host persistently....
Mycoplasma infections are most frequently associated with disease in the urogenital or respiratory tracts and, in most cases, mycoplasmas infect the host persistently. In HIV-infected individuals the prevalence and role of genital mycoplasmas has not been well studied. To investigate the six species of Mycoplasma and the risk factors for infection in Jiangsu province, first-void urine and venous blood samples were collected and epidemiological questionnaires were administered after informed consent. A total of 1541 HIV/AIDS patients were recruited in this study. The overall infection rates of six Mycoplasma species were: Ureaplasma urealyticum (26·7%), Mycoplasma hominis (25·3%), M. fermentans (5·1%), M. genitalium (20·1%), M. penetrans (1·6%) and M. pirum (15·4%). The Mycoplasma infection rate in the unmarried group was lower than that of the married, divorced and widowed groups [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1·432, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·077-1·904, P < 0·05]. The patients who refused highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) had a much higher risk of Mucoplasma infection (aOR 1·357, 95% CI 1·097-1·679, P < 0·05). Otherwise, a high CD4+ T cell count was a protective factor against Mycoplasma infection (aOR 0·576, 95% CI 0·460-0·719, P < 0·05). Further research will be required to confirm a causal relationship and to identify risk factors for Mycoplasma infection in HIV/AIDS populations.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; China; Coinfection; Cross-Sectional Studies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Marital Status; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma fermentans; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma penetrans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Young Adult
PubMed: 25792346
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815000461 -
International Journal of Systematic... Oct 1992Mycoplasmas isolated from the throats of lions were shown to belong to three serotypes, all of which were serologically distinct from the previously recognized...
Mycoplasmas isolated from the throats of lions were shown to belong to three serotypes, all of which were serologically distinct from the previously recognized Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma spp. Eight mycoplasma colonies were cloned, including one from a leopard (strain LP), and were examined in detail for morphology, growth, and biochemical characteristics. The strains had the following properties: guanine-plus-cytosine contents of 37 mol% (strain LXT [T = type strain]), 28 mol% (strain LL2T), and 27 mol% (strain 3L2T) and a requirement for sterol. Strain 3L2T metabolized glucose, which was not metabolized by strains LXT and LL2T. Arginine and urea were not hydrolyzed. Strain LX (= NCTC 11724) is the type strain of a new species, Mycoplasma simbae; strain LL2 (= NCTC 11725) is the type strain of a second new species, Mycoplasma leopharyngis; and strain 3L2 (= NCTC 11726) is the type strain of a third new species, Mycoplasma leocaptivus.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Cholesterol; Culture Media; DNA, Bacterial; Lions; Microscopy, Electron; Mycoplasma; Pharynx
PubMed: 1390104
DOI: 10.1099/00207713-42-4-518 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Jun 2012Six strains with the typical characteristics of mycoplasmas were isolated from the tracheae of six Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis). The...
Six strains with the typical characteristics of mycoplasmas were isolated from the tracheae of six Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis). The results of biochemical, serological and molecular genetic studies showed that the isolates were nearly identical and that they could be considered as representing a novel species of the genus Mycoplasma. Colonies possessed the typical fried-egg appearance and electron micrographs revealed a pleomorphic cellular morphology with the lack of a cell wall. The isolates hydrolysed arginine and required sterol for growth but did not ferment glucose or hydrolyse urea. We propose that the isolates be assigned to a novel species,Mycoplasma neophronis sp. nov. The type strain is G.A.(T) ( = DSM 24097(T) = ATCC BAA-2157(T)). The antiserum of strain G.A.(T) has been deposited in the Mollicutes collection at Purdue University (Indiana, USA).
Topics: Animals; DNA, Bacterial; Falconiformes; Larynx; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycoplasma; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 21828019
DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.033803-0 -
Journal of Bacteriology Jun 2012Within the genus Mycoplasma are species whose cells have terminal organelles, polarized structures associated with cytadherence and gliding motility. Mycoplasma... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Within the genus Mycoplasma are species whose cells have terminal organelles, polarized structures associated with cytadherence and gliding motility. Mycoplasma penetrans, found mostly in HIV-infected patients, and Mycoplasma iowae, an economically significant poultry pathogen, are members of the Mycoplasma muris phylogenetic cluster. Both species have terminal organelles that interact with host cells, yet the structures in these species, or any in the M. muris cluster, remain uncharacterized. Time-lapse microcinematography of two strains of M. penetrans, GTU-54-6A1 and HF-2, and two serovars of M. iowae, K and N, show that the terminal organelles of both species play a role in gliding motility, with differences in speed within and between the two species. The strains and serovars also differed in their hemadsorption abilities that positively correlated with differences in motility speeds. No morphological differences were observed between M. penetrans and M. iowae by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM and light microscopy of M. penetrans and M. iowae showed the presence of membranous filaments connecting pairs of dividing cells. Breaking of this filament during cell division was observed for M. penetrans by microcinematography, and this suggests a role for motility during division. The Triton X-100-insoluble fractions of M. penetrans and M. iowae consisted of similar structures that were unique compared to those identified in other mycoplasma species. Like other polarized mycoplasmas, M. penetrans and M. iowae have terminal organelles with cytadherence and gliding functions. The difference in function and morphology of the terminal organelles suggests that mycoplasmas have evolved terminal organelles independently of one another.
Topics: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mycoplasma iowae; Mycoplasma penetrans; Organelles; Time-Lapse Imaging
PubMed: 22447904
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00060-12 -
Zentralblatt Fur Bakteriologie,... Nov 1988A total of 1424 cell cultures was assayed for mycoplasmas by microbiological culture and fluorescent DNA staining. Of these cultures, 412 (29%) were infected with... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A total of 1424 cell cultures was assayed for mycoplasmas by microbiological culture and fluorescent DNA staining. Of these cultures, 412 (29%) were infected with mycoplasmas. The most frequently occurring mycoplasma species were Mycoplasma orale (34%), M. hyorhinis (26%), M. arginini (21%), M. fermentans (13%) and Acholeplasma laidlawii (5%). A few isolates each of M. hominis, M. pulmonis and M. bovis were also detected. When detection methods were compared, microbiological culture produced false-negative results for 0.7% (3 of 412) of the infected cell cultures. DNA staining performed directly on the cells was falsely negative in 2.4% (5/207) of the mycoplasma-infected cultures that were compared, DNA staining performed on indicator cells was falsely negative in 3.1% (7/226). False positives appeared in direct DNA-staining in 1.8% (7/386) of the mycoplasma-free cultures and with DNA staining on indicator cells in 0.5% (3/620). For 11% of the cell cultures, the reading of the DNA staining was ambiguous. With DNA staining on indicator cells, 10% of the test results were ambiguous, but by further passage and staining on new indicator cells it was possible to get a definite diagnosis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; DNA, Bacterial; False Negative Reactions; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Mycoplasma; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase; Vero Cells
PubMed: 3146169
DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(88)80176-7 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Apr 2006Although mycoplasmas possess a very limited genome, little is known about their virulence mechanisms and methods of persistence in the host. Examination of a wide range...
Although mycoplasmas possess a very limited genome, little is known about their virulence mechanisms and methods of persistence in the host. Examination of a wide range of mycoplasma species found considerable variation in their ability to form a biofilm. Mycoplasma putrefaciens, M. cottewii, M. yeatsii, M. agalactiae and M. bovis produced prolific biofilms. Conversely, the highly pathogenic mycoplasma and causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, was unable to produce a biofilm. Biofilms were found to be considerably more resistant to stress, including heat and desiccation, than planktonic cells. A link between the biofilm phenotype and genotype as determined by molecular typing was found for M. bovis. Analysis of biofilms using fluorescent staining combined with confocal microscopy demonstrated that mycoplasma biofilms formed a highly differentiated structure with stacks and channels. Biofilm formation may indicate that mycoplasmas are capable of surviving in the environment.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Hot Temperature; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Morphogenesis; Mycoplasma
PubMed: 16549656
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28604-0 -
Journal of Bacteriology Sep 1982Hemadsorbing (HA+) virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae and spontaneously derived nonhemadsorbing (HA-) avirulent mutants were compared by biochemical and ultrastructural... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Hemadsorbing (HA+) virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae and spontaneously derived nonhemadsorbing (HA-) avirulent mutants were compared by biochemical and ultrastructural techniques in an attempt to understand the molecular basis for cytadsorption. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact mycoplasmas indicated that both virulent and avirulent mycoplasmas displayed similar surface protein patterns. A specific external protein, P1 (molecular weight, 165,000), previously implicated as a major ligand mediating attachment, was readily detected in HA+ and HA- mycoplasma strains. However, immunoferritin electron microscopy, with monospecific antibody against P1, revealed that differences in P1 topography existed among these strains. Only virulent mycoplasmas exhibited high concentrations of P1 at the terminal organelle. Avirulent mycoplasmas which possessed P1 showed no P1 clustering at the terminus. Both virulent M. pneumoniae and avirulent P1-containing mutants possessed numerous less dense P1 regions along the mycoplasma surface. Not surprisingly, an HA- mutant lacking P1 exhibited only background immunoferritin labeling. Negative staining of intact mycoplasmas revealed a well-defined, naplike terminus (associated with P1 clusters) confined at the tip of virulent M. pneumoniae. Previous characterization of HA+ virulent and HA- avirulent strains of M. pneumoniae by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggests that identified groups of mycoplasma proteins, lacking in specific HA- mycoplasmas, regulate the physical arrangement of P1 and the ultrastructure of the terminus, thus influencing adherence to the respiratory epithelium and virulence.
Topics: Adhesiveness; Bacterial Proteins; Hemadsorption; Membrane Proteins; Microscopy, Electron; Mycoplasma pneumoniae
PubMed: 6809731
DOI: 10.1128/jb.151.3.1514-1522.1982 -
European Journal of Clinical... Feb 1996Urethral swab specimens collected from 108 male Japanese patients with acute nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and from 50 Japanese men without NGU were examined for the...
Urethral swab specimens collected from 108 male Japanese patients with acute nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and from 50 Japanese men without NGU were examined for the presence of Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma penetrans, and Mycoplasma pirum by means of polymerase chain reaction-based assays. These mycoplasmas were not detected in any of the specimens, which suggests that they are unlikely to have a pathogenic role in acute NGU.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma fermentans; Mycoplasma penetrans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Urethritis
PubMed: 8801092
DOI: 10.1007/BF01591493 -
Canadian Journal of Comparative... Oct 1979This report describes the incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, ureaplasma and conventional (large colony) mycoplasma isolated from the pneumonic lungs of groups of young... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This report describes the incidence of Mycoplasma dispar, ureaplasma and conventional (large colony) mycoplasma isolated from the pneumonic lungs of groups of young calves and the identification to species level of mycoplasmas in mixed populations with the aid of the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Pneumonic lung tissue yielded one or more mycoplasma species from 88% of the 153 calves cultured. The mycoplasmas identified and percent of the calves with lungs positive for each species were: M. dispar (56%), ureaplasma (44%), Mycoplasma bovis (37%), Mycoplasma arginini (33%) and Mycoplasma bovirhinis (23%). Conventional mycoplasmas isolated from two calves (1%) could not be identified using the antisera available.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Lung; Mycoplasma; Pneumonia; Ureaplasma
PubMed: 398234
DOI: No ID Found -
South African Medical Journal =... Jun 1970
Topics: Antigens; Bacteriological Techniques; Culture Media; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 4913375
DOI: No ID Found