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International Journal of Systematic and... Jun 2009The Mycoplasma mycoides cluster consists of six pathogenic mycoplasmas causing disease in ruminants, which share many genotypic and phenotypic traits. The M. mycoides...
Mycoplasma leachii sp. nov. as a new species designation for Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach, and reclassification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC as a serovar of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri.
The Mycoplasma mycoides cluster consists of six pathogenic mycoplasmas causing disease in ruminants, which share many genotypic and phenotypic traits. The M. mycoides cluster comprises five recognized taxa: Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC), M. mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony (MmmLC), M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) and M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp). The group of strains known as Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach (MBG7) has remained unassigned, due to conflicting data obtained by different classification methods. In the present paper, all available data, including recent phylogenetic analyses, have been reviewed, resulting in a proposal for an emended taxonomy of this cluster: (i) the MBG7 strains, although related phylogenetically to M. capricolum, hold sufficient characteristic traits to be assigned as a separate species, i.e. Mycoplasma leachii sp. nov. (type strain, PG50(T) = N29(T) = NCTC 10133(T) = DSM 21131(T)); (ii) MmmLC and Mmc, which can only be distinguished by serological methods and are related more distantly to MmmSC, should be combined into a single subspecies, i.e. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, leaving M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (MmmSC) as the exclusive designation for the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. A taxonomic description of M. leachii sp. nov. and emended descriptions of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides and M. mycoides subsp. capri are presented. As a result of these emendments, the M. mycoides cluster will hereafter be composed of five taxa comprising three subclusters, which correspond to the M. mycoides subspecies, the M. capricolum subspecies and the novel species M. leachii.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Infectious; Australia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Genotype; Goat Diseases; Goats; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma mycoides; Phylogeny; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Serotyping; Species Specificity; Turkey
PubMed: 19502315
DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.005546-0 -
Journal of General Microbiology Jul 1986Mycoplasmas isolated from the throats of three pumas (Felis concolor) were each cloned and examined in detail. All three were serologically and biologically...
Mycoplasmas isolated from the throats of three pumas (Felis concolor) were each cloned and examined in detail. All three were serologically and biologically indistinguishable from each other, and were serologically distinct from 83 recognized Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species. They were designated as a new species, Mycoplasma felifaucium, with strain PU (NCTC 11703) as the type strain.
Topics: Animals; Carnivora; Microscopy, Electron; Mycoplasma; Respiratory System
PubMed: 3794642
DOI: 10.1099/00221287-132-7-1923 -
Infection and Immunity Jul 2000The ability of the widespread avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum to invade cultured human epithelial cells (HeLa-229) and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) was... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The ability of the widespread avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum to invade cultured human epithelial cells (HeLa-229) and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) was investigated by using the gentamicin invasion assay and a double immunofluorescence microscopic technique for accurate localization of cell-associated mycoplasmas. The presence of intracellular mycoplasmas in both cell lines was clearly demonstrated, with organisms entering the eukaryotic cells within 20 min. Internalized mycoplasmas have the ability to leave the cell, but also to survive within the intracellular space over a 48-h period. Frequencies of invasion were shown to differ between the two cell lines, but were also considerably dependent on the mycoplasma input population. Of the prototype strain R, a low-passage population in artificial medium, R(low), was capable of active cell invasion, while a high-passage population, R(high), showed adherence to but nearly no uptake into HeLa-229 and CEF. By passaging R(low) and R(high) multiple times through HeLa-229 cells, the invasion frequency was significantly increased. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that M. gallisepticum has the capability of entering nonphagocytic host cells that may provide this pathogen with the opportunity for resisting host defenses and selective antibiotic therapy, establishing chronic infections, and passing through the respiratory mucosal barrier to cause systemic infections.
Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Cell Line; Chick Embryo; Cytoskeleton; HeLa Cells; Humans; Kinetics; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Mycoplasma; Virulence
PubMed: 10858241
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.68.7.4238-4244.2000 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology Oct 2007A two-stage nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay system was described that amplifies the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region sequences of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma...
PURPOSE
A two-stage nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay system was described that amplifies the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region sequences of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma infections in cell cultures and virus stocks.
METHODS
Established cell lines and virus stocks were screened for the presence of Mycoplasma by using nested PCR using two sets of outer and inner primers, amplifies 16S-23S rRNA. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was used to detect and identify most of the species-specific Mycoplasmas involved in cell cultures and virus stock contaminants. Infected cultures detected by PCR-RFLP were further treated with BM-cyclin (5 microg/mL) and passaged for three times and tested for Mycoplasma infections by PCR-RFLP.
RESULTS
Mycoplasma pirum and Mycoplasma orale infections were detected by nested PCR. Species specificity was identified by using RFLP of Vsp I, Cla I and Hin dIII restriction enzymes. Mycoplasma infections were cured by treatment with BM-cyclin. This was further confirmed by non-amplification of PCR amplimers in BM-cyclin treated vs. non-treated cultures.
CONCLUSIONS
Regular monitoring of cell cultures for Mycoplasma infections and identification of species-specific Mollicutes will identify the source of contaminations. This approach can be used for quality control of the biological reagents used in cell culture and virology laboratories.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Culture Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Diterpenes; Minocycline; Mycoplasma; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Quality Control; Virology
PubMed: 18087086
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.37340 -
Infection 1976The pathogenicity of mycoplasmas is caused by several factors, e.g. exotoxin, toxic properties of membrane components, exoenzymes, peroxide, and immunological factors.... (Review)
Review
The pathogenicity of mycoplasmas is caused by several factors, e.g. exotoxin, toxic properties of membrane components, exoenzymes, peroxide, and immunological factors. The absence of a rigid cell wall and the small genome tend to influence the interactions between mycoplasmas and host tissue. Mycoplasmas do not have a cell wass and are therefore resistant to the action of the host's lysozymes. They appear in some patients to be immunologically inconspicuous and in other patients they have been reported to have an immuno-suppressive effect. Recently there have been reports of central nervous system disorders due to mycoplasma. The pathogenic factors involved in these reactions have not been elucidated. Other aspects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pathogenicity are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mycoplasma; Toxins, Biological
PubMed: 783049
DOI: 10.1007/BF01638414 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Sep 1978Mycoplasmas require an external source of sterol for growth. For Mycoplasma capricolum this requirement is met not only by cholesterol but also by the methylcholestane...
Mycoplasmas require an external source of sterol for growth. For Mycoplasma capricolum this requirement is met not only by cholesterol but also by the methylcholestane derivatives lanosterol, cycloartenol, 4,4-dimethylcholesterol, and 4beta-methylcholestanol. Cholesteryl methyl ether and 3alpha-methylcholestanol serve equally well as sterol supplements. None of the growth-supporting sterol derivatives tested was metabolically modified. The unusual acceptance of diverse cholestane derivatives by a mycoplasma species contrasts with the structural attributes thought to be necessary for sterol function in eukaryotic membranes.
Topics: Cholestanes; Mycoplasma; Sterols; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 279900
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.9.4107 -
Israel Journal of Medical Sciences May 1987The proteins of Mycoplasma pulmonis were examined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and immunoblots using the following sera: antimedium,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The proteins of Mycoplasma pulmonis were examined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and immunoblots using the following sera: antimedium, anti-M. arthritidis, anti-M. collis, anti-M. neurolyticum, and anti-M. muris. Fifteen proteins identified as genus-common were shared by M. pulmonis and at least one other mycoplasmal species. These proteins were shown not to be medium components, based on their reaction with antimedium serum.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Blood Proteins; Cross Reactions; Culture Media; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Immunoelectrophoresis; Mice; Mycoplasma; Species Specificity
PubMed: 3667222
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Journal of Microbiology Aug 1967
Topics: Blood; Culture Media; Mycoplasma
PubMed: 6049592
DOI: 10.1139/m67-141 -
Jikken Dobutsu. Experimental Animals Jul 1993Five mycoplasma strains isolated from house musk shrews (Suncus murinus) in the Central Institute for Experimental Animals were characterized and compared with three... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Five mycoplasma strains isolated from house musk shrews (Suncus murinus) in the Central Institute for Experimental Animals were characterized and compared with three murine mycoplasma strains, Mycoplasma pulmonis m 53, M. arthritidis PG6, and M. neurolyticum Type A, and with reference strain G3-5 previously isolated from a house musk shrew. These isolates fermented glucose, but did not hydrolyze urea and arginine, passed through membrane filters of 450 nm pore size, were sensitive to digitonin, and formed minute (115 to 231 microns in diameter) colonies on agar medium. All the five unclassified house musk shrew mycoplasma strains and strain G3-5 used as a reference constituted a homogeneous group based on (i) their antigenic properties (determined using the metabolism inhibition test), (ii) their polypeptide profiles (determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the Western blotting assay), and (iii) their genomic properties (determined using DNA cleavage pattern analysis), but were quite distinct from the established murine mycoplasmas on the basis of these findings. In a survey of 56 house musk shrews aged 2 to 45 weeks in our colonies, mycoplasmas were isolated from the oral cavities of all animals examined. No gross or microscopic lesions were observed in the five animals from which the mycoplasma strains were isolated. In experimental infection, the mycoplasma was not infective for mice and rats. The results suggest that this group of mycoplasmas is a common inhabitant of house musk shrews.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Mice; Mouth; Mycoplasma; Rats; Shrews
PubMed: 8354358
DOI: 10.1538/expanim1978.42.3_363 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 1986An immunobinding assay was developed to identify mycoplasma colonies on agar in pure and mixed cultures. Mycoplasma colonies on agar were transferred to nitrocellulose....
An immunobinding assay was developed to identify mycoplasma colonies on agar in pure and mixed cultures. Mycoplasma colonies on agar were transferred to nitrocellulose. The nitrocellulose was treated with specific rabbit antisera against mycoplasmas, peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G, 4-chloro-1-naphthol, and H2O2. Purple developed in the presence of specific reactions. The procedure was superior to epifluorescence.
Topics: Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Collodion; Cross Reactions; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma pneumoniae
PubMed: 3084556
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.23.4.783-785.1986