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International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021The impact of sexually transmitted infections (STI) on male fertility is controversial. Aims: To investigate the prevalence of urethritis-associated STIs (chlamydia,...
The impact of sexually transmitted infections (STI) on male fertility is controversial. Aims: To investigate the prevalence of urethritis-associated STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoeae, , trichomoniasis) among infertile males; to analyze the effect of STIs on semen parameters and blood PSA. Case-control study. Study group ( = 2000): males with fertility problems or desire for fertility check. Control group ( = 248): male partners of pregnant women. Analyses: polymerase chain reaction for STI, seminal interleukin 6 (IL-6), semen and fractionated urine, blood analyses (PSA, reproductive hormones). The prevalence of and chlamydia in the study group was 1.1% and 1.2%, respectively. The prevalence of chlamydia in the control group was 1.6%, while there were no cases. No cases with gonorrhoeae or trichomoniasis or combined infections were observed in neither group. There was a higher seminal concentration of neutrophils and IL-6 among positives compared with STI negatives. There was a trend toward a lower total count of spermatozoa and progressive motility among STI positives. No impact of STIs on PSA was found. The prevalence of STIs among infertile males is low. is associated with seminal inflammation. The impact of STIs on semen parameters deserves further investigations.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Estonia; Humans; Infertility, Male; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Neutrophils; Prevalence; Semen; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 34948264
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413467 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Oct 2018
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Prevalence; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 30373885
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k4376 -
Archives of Microbiology Mar 2021Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium are important causative agents of infections in humans. Like all other mycoplasmas, these species possess genomes that... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium are important causative agents of infections in humans. Like all other mycoplasmas, these species possess genomes that are significantly smaller than that of other prokaryotes. Moreover, both organisms possess an exceptionally compact set of DNA recombination and repair-associated genes. These genes, however, are sufficient to generate antigenic variation by means of homologous recombination between specific repetitive genomic elements. At the same time, these mycoplasmas have likely evolved strategies to maintain the stability and integrity of their 'minimal' genomes. Previous studies have indicated that there are considerable differences between mycoplasmas and other bacteria in the composition of their DNA recombination and repair machinery. However, the complete repertoire of activities executed by the putative recombination and repair enzymes encoded by Mycoplasma species is not yet fully understood. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the proteins that likely form part of the DNA repair and recombination pathways of two of the most clinically relevant Mycoplasma species, M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium. The characterization of these proteins will help to define the minimal enzymatic requirements for creating bacterial genetic diversity (antigenic variation) on the one hand, while maintaining genomic integrity on the other.
Topics: Antigenic Variation; DNA Repair; Gene Rearrangement; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma pneumoniae
PubMed: 32970220
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02041-4 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Oct 2016Mycoplasma genitalium infection contributes to 10-35% of non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis in men. In women, M. genitalium is associated with cervicitis and... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma genitalium infection contributes to 10-35% of non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis in men. In women, M. genitalium is associated with cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Transmission of M. genitalium occurs through direct mucosal contact. Asymptomatic infections are frequent. In women, symptoms include vaginal discharge, dysuria or symptoms of PID - abdominal pain and dyspareunia. In men, urethritis, dysuria and discharge predominates. Besides symptoms, indication for laboratory test is a high-risk sexual behaviour. Diagnosis is achievable only through nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). If available, NAAT diagnosis should be followed with an assay for macrolide resistance. Therapy for M. genitalium is indicated if M. genitalium is detected or on an epidemiological basis. Doxycycline has a low cure rate of 30-40%, but does not increase resistance. Azithromycin has a cure rate of 85-95% in macrolide susceptible infections. An extended course appears to have a higher cure rate. An increasing prevalence of macrolide resistance, most likely due to widespread use of azithromycin 1 g single dose without test of cure, is drastically decreasing the cure rate. Moxifloxacin can be used as second-line therapy, but resistance is increasing. Uncomplicated M. genitalium infection should be treated with azithromycin 500 mg on day one, then 250 mg on days 2-5 (oral), or josamycin 500 mg three times daily for 10 days (oral). Second line treatment and treatment for uncomplicated macrolide resistant M. genitalium infection is moxifloxacin 400 mg od for 7-10 days (oral). For third line treatment of persistent M. genitalium infection after azithromycin and moxifloxacin doxycycline 100 mg two times daily for 14 days can be tried and may cure 30%. Pristinamycin 1 g four times daily for 10 days (oral) has a cure rate of app. 90%. Complicated M. genitalium infection (PID, epididymitis) is treated with moxifloxacin 400 mg od for 14 days.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Europe; Female; Humans; Macrolides; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium
PubMed: 27505296
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13849 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jul 2017Mycoplasma genitalium is increasingly appreciated as a common cause of sexually transmitted disease syndromes, including urethritis in men and cervicitis, endometritis,... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma genitalium is increasingly appreciated as a common cause of sexually transmitted disease syndromes, including urethritis in men and cervicitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and possibly preterm birth, tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy in women. Despite these disease associations, which parallel those of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the mechanisms by which this pathogen elicits inflammation, causes cellular damage, and persists in its only natural host (humans) are unique and are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to briefly provide a historical background on the discovery, microbiology, and recognition of M. genitalium as a pathogen, and then summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and pathogenesis of this unique urogenital organism. Collectively, the basic scientific discussions herein should provide a framework for understanding the clinical and epidemiological outcomes described in the accompanying articles in this supplemental issue.
Topics: Female; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Risk Factors; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis
PubMed: 28838077
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix172 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2023We report a case of Mycoplasma genitalium endocarditis in a prosthetic heart valve of a woman who sought care in Switzerland for acute aortic valve dysfunction 3 years...
We report a case of Mycoplasma genitalium endocarditis in a prosthetic heart valve of a woman who sought care in Switzerland for acute aortic valve dysfunction 3 years after valve replacement. This unusual manifestation of infection with this bacterium was diagnosed using broad-range PCR despite suspicion of a mechanical disinsertion.
Topics: Female; Humans; Aortic Valve; Mycoplasma genitalium; Endocarditis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Switzerland
PubMed: 37735787
DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.221639 -
Mycoplasma genitalium: the aetiological agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases.Journal of the European Academy of... Jan 2004Mycoplasma genitalium was first isolated in 1980 from two of 13 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). It shares several features with M. pneumoniae, a recognized... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma genitalium was first isolated in 1980 from two of 13 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). It shares several features with M. pneumoniae, a recognized respiratory tract pathogen. It is extremely difficult to isolate by culture. The development of sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in the early 1990s made clinical studies possible and a significant number of publications have shown a strong association between M. genitalium and NGU, independent of Chlamydia trachomatis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the currently available information on the associations between M. genitalium and urogenital tract infections in men and women and assess their fulfilment of the Henle-Koch postulates. It is concluded that there is very strong evidence that M. genitalium is a cause of NGU in men and cervicitis in women. Evidence for upper genital tract infections in women has begun to accrue, but further studies are needed. The optimal treatment of M. genitalium infections remains to be determined, but antibiotics of the macrolide group appear to be more active than tetracyclines.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Urethritis; Uterine Cervicitis
PubMed: 14678525
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00923.x -
Epidemiology and Infection May 2023The aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of and in patients who visited general practitioners in the Netherlands. Additionally, we describe the prevalence...
The aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of and in patients who visited general practitioners in the Netherlands. Additionally, we describe the prevalence of resistance to azithromycin and moxifloxacin. We used data from 7,411 consecutive female patients who were screened for , , , and and data from 5,732 consecutive male patients screened for , , and . The prevalence of and in female patients was 6.7% (95% CI: 6.2 to 7.4) and 1.9% (95%CI: 1.6 to 2.2%), respectively. prevalence in male patients was 3.7% (3.3 to 4.3). co-occurred with in 1.4% (0.3 to 0.6%) of female and in 0.7% (0.5 to 0.9) of male patients. Macrolide resistance gene mutations and fluoroquinolone resistance gene mutations were detected in 73.8% and 9.9%, respectively. We concluded that is relatively infrequently found in a large general practitioner population in the Netherlands. It can co-occur with , and is often resistant to azithromycin. Therefore, when treating sexually transmitted infections, these prevalence and resistance data should be taken into account.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Chlamydia trachomatis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Macrolides; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma Infections; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Netherlands; Prevalence; Primary Health Care; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Trichomonas vaginalis; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Coinfection
PubMed: 37144297
DOI: 10.1017/S095026882300064X -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Feb 2023
Review
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 36458723
DOI: 10.37201/req/082.2022 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Mar 2017The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern worldwide and already compromises treatment effectiveness and control of several bacterial sexually... (Review)
Review
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern worldwide and already compromises treatment effectiveness and control of several bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium are evolving into so-called superbugs that can become resistant, both in vitro and clinically, to essentially all antimicrobials available for treatment, causing exceedingly difficult-to-treat or untreatable STIs and threatening global public health. Widespread AMR in these bacteria is likely to persist and even worsen in the future, owing to the high number of infections, widespread and uncontrolled use of antimicrobials, limited surveillance of AMR and clinical failures, as well as the extraordinary capacity of these bacteria to develop AMR. This development would not only result in an increased prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae and M. genitalium infections but also in a considerably increasing number of severe complications affecting reproductive health. To combat this threat, clinicians need to be aware of the current guidelines on diagnostic procedures, recommended treatment regimens, as well as therapeutic options for multidrug-resistant bacteria. AMR testing needs to be more frequently performed, inform treatment decisions and elucidate how AMRs compromise treatment effectiveness, guiding research for effective future therapies.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gonorrhea; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
PubMed: 28072403
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.268