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International Journal of STD & AIDS Aug 2012This study employed culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium,...
This study employed culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma penetrans and Mycoplasma pirum in 210 HIV/AIDS patients, 455 sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic attendees and 245 healthy volunteers from first-void urine specimens for men and endocervical swabs for women. U. urealyticum and M. hominis were detected in 107 (51.0%) and 69 (32.9%) patients in the HIV/AIDS group. At least one of the other four organisms was detected in 34 (16.2%) HIV/AIDS patients, 29 (6.4%) STI clinic attendees and six (2.5%) healthy volunteers. This study showed that U. urealyticum, M. hominis and M. fermentans were significantly more prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients, as were other mycoplasmas. Our results suggest a possible role for co-infection.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma fermentans; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma penetrans; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasmatales Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Young Adult
PubMed: 22930310
DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009396 -
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Jan 2012Conventional classification of the species in the family Mycoplasmataceae is mainly based on phenotypic criteria, which are complicated, can be difficult to measure, and...
RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) gene and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region (ITS) as complementary molecular markers in addition to the 16S rRNA gene for phylogenetic analysis and identification of the species of the family Mycoplasmataceae.
Conventional classification of the species in the family Mycoplasmataceae is mainly based on phenotypic criteria, which are complicated, can be difficult to measure, and have the potential to be hampered by phenotypic deviations among the isolates. The number of biochemical reactions suitable for phenotypic characterization of the Mycoplasmataceae is also very limited and therefore the strategy for the final identification of the Mycoplasmataceae species is based on comparative serological results. However, serological testing of the Mycoplasmataceae species requires a performance panel of hyperimmune sera which contains anti-serum to each known species of the family, a high level of technical expertise, and can only be properly performed by mycoplasma-reference laboratories. In addition, the existence of uncultivated and fastidious Mycoplasmataceae species/isolates in clinical materials significantly complicates, or even makes impossible, the application of conventional bacteriological tests. The analysis of available genetic markers is an additional approach for the primary identification and phylogenetic classification of cultivable species and uncultivable or fastidious organisms in standard microbiological laboratories. The partial nucleotide sequences of the RNA polymerase β-subunit gene (rpoB) and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) were determined for all known type strains and the available non-type strains of the Mycoplasmataceae species. In addition to the available 16S rRNA gene data, the ITS and rpoB sequences were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among these species and to enable identification of the Mycoplasmataceae isolates to the species level. The comparison of the ITS and rpoB phylogenetic trees with the 16S rRNA reference phylogenetic tree revealed a similar clustering patterns for the Mycoplasmataceae species, with minor discrepancies for a few species that demonstrated higher divergence of their ITS and rpoB in comparison to their neighbor species. Overall, our results demonstrated that the ITS and rpoB gene could be useful complementary phylogenetic markers to infer phylogenetic relationships among the Mycoplasmataceae species and provide useful background information for the choice of appropriate metabolic and serological tests for the final classification of isolates. In summary, three-target sequence analysis, which includes the ITS, rpoB, and 16S rRNA genes, was demonstrated to be a reliable and useful taxonomic tool for the species differentiation within the family Mycoplasmataceae based on their phylogenetic relatedness and pairwise sequence similarities. We believe that this approach might also become a valuable tool for routine analysis and primary identification of new isolates in medical and veterinary microbiological laboratories.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; Bayes Theorem; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Markers; Likelihood Functions; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycoplasmataceae; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
PubMed: 22115576
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.002 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Oct 2023Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum are bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tract. However, their pathogenicity in sexually active or... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum are bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tract. However, their pathogenicity in sexually active or obstetrical patients remains controversial. Therefore, determining the significance of screening and treatment for these organisms is challenging, unlike Mycoplasma genitalium which now has well-defined management guidelines. We conducted a review of the literature to clarify the clinical significance of detecting these micro-organisms. It is crucial to carefully select the few cases that warrant further investigations, in order to mitigate the risks of overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
Topics: Humans; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Ureaplasma; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium
PubMed: 37819180
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.845.1835 -
Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii I... Jun 1965
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Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii I... Apr 1977
Review
Topics: Animals; BCG Vaccine; Bacterial Infections; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; L Forms; Leukemia; Liver; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Mice; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasmataceae; Myocarditis; Spleen; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Urogenital System
PubMed: 405826
DOI: No ID Found -
Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR 1965
Review
Topics: Bacteria; In Vitro Techniques; L Forms; Microscopy, Electron; Mycoplasma
PubMed: 5328460
DOI: No ID Found -
Nordisk Medicin Aug 1969
Review
Topics: Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Culture Techniques; Demeclocycline; Erythromycin; Humans; L Forms; Microscopy, Electron; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 4980149
DOI: No ID Found -
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Apr 2019The "Spiroplasma cluster" is a taxonomically heterogeneous assemblage within the phylum Tenericutes encompassing different Entomoplasmatales species as well as the genus...
A phylogenomic and molecular markers based taxonomic framework for members of the order Entomoplasmatales: proposal for an emended order Mycoplasmatales containing the family Spiroplasmataceae and emended family Mycoplasmataceae comprised of six genera.
The "Spiroplasma cluster" is a taxonomically heterogeneous assemblage within the phylum Tenericutes encompassing different Entomoplasmatales species as well as the genus Mycoplasma, type genus of the order Mycoplasmatales. Within this cluster, the family Entomoplasmataceae contains two non-cohesive genera Entomoplasma and Mesoplasma with their members exhibiting extensive polyphyletic branching; additionally, the genus Mycoplasma is also embedded within this family. Genome sequences are now available for all 19 Entomoplasmataceae species with validly published names, as well as 6 of the 7 species from the genus Mycoplasma. With the aim of developing a reliable phylogenetic and taxonomic framework for the family Entomoplasmataceae, exhaustive phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies were carried out on these genome sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on concatenated sequences of 121 core proteins for this cluster, 67 conserved proteins shared with the phylum Firmicutes, 40 ribosomal proteins, three major subunits of RNA polymerase (RpoA, B and C) by different means and also for the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The interspecies relationships as well as different species groups observed in these trees were identical and robustly resolved. In all of these trees, members of the genera Mesoplasma and Entomoplasma formed three and two distinct clades, respectively, which were interspersed among the members of the other genus. The observed species groupings in the phylogenetic trees are independently strongly supported by our identification of 103 novel molecular markers or synapomorphies in the forms of conserved signature indels and conserved signature proteins, which are uniquely shared by the members of different observed species clades. To account for the different observed species clades, we are proposing a division of the genus Mesoplasma into an emended genus Mesoplasma and two new genera Tullyiplasma gen. nov. and Edwardiiplasma gen. nov. Likewise, to recognize the distinct species groupings of Entomoplasma, we are proposing its division into an emended genus Entomoplasma and a new genus Williamsoniiplasma gen. nov. Lastly, to rectify the long-existing taxonomic anomaly caused by the presence of genus Mycoplasma (order Mycoplasmatales) within the Entomoplasmatales, we are proposing an emendation of the family Mycoplasmataceae to include both Entomoplasmataceae plus Mycoplasma species and an emendation of the order Mycoplasmatales, which now comprises of the emended family Mycoplasmataceae and the family Spiroplasmataceae. The taxonomic reclassifications proposed here accurately reflect the species relationships within this group of Tenericutes and they should lead to a better understanding of their biological and pathogenic characteristics.
Topics: DNA, Bacterial; Entomoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasmatales; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Spiroplasmataceae
PubMed: 30392177
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1188-4 -
Future Microbiology Jul 2010With their reduced genome bound by a single membrane, bacteria of the Mycoplasma species represent some of the simplest autonomous life forms. Yet, these minute... (Review)
Review
With their reduced genome bound by a single membrane, bacteria of the Mycoplasma species represent some of the simplest autonomous life forms. Yet, these minute prokaryotes are able to establish persistent infection in a wide range of hosts, even in the presence of a specific immune response. Clues to their success in host adaptation and survival reside, in part, in a number of gene families that are affected by frequent, stochastic genotypic changes. These genetic events alter the expression, the size and the antigenic structure of abundant surface proteins, thereby creating highly versatile and dynamic surfaces within a clonal population. This phenomenon provides these wall-less pathogens with a means to escape the host immune response and to modulate surface accessibility by masking and unmasking stably expressed components that are essential in host interaction and survival.
Topics: Animals; Antigenic Variation; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Immune Evasion; Models, Biological; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 20632806
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.71 -
Infection 1976The pathogenicity of mycoplasmas is caused by several factors, e.g. exotoxin, toxic properties of membrane components, exoenzymes, peroxide, and immunological factors.... (Review)
Review
The pathogenicity of mycoplasmas is caused by several factors, e.g. exotoxin, toxic properties of membrane components, exoenzymes, peroxide, and immunological factors. The absence of a rigid cell wall and the small genome tend to influence the interactions between mycoplasmas and host tissue. Mycoplasmas do not have a cell wass and are therefore resistant to the action of the host's lysozymes. They appear in some patients to be immunologically inconspicuous and in other patients they have been reported to have an immuno-suppressive effect. Recently there have been reports of central nervous system disorders due to mycoplasma. The pathogenic factors involved in these reactions have not been elucidated. Other aspects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pathogenicity are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mycoplasma; Toxins, Biological
PubMed: 783049
DOI: 10.1007/BF01638414