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The Laryngoscope May 1972
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aspergillus; Biopsy; Candida; Diagnosis, Differential; Edema; Epistaxis; Female; Fungi; Humans; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Radiography; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 5026902
DOI: 10.1288/00005537-197205000-00019 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Nov 2020The global frequency of endemic mycoses has considerably increased, mainly due to environmental changes, population growth in endemic areas, and the increase in... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The global frequency of endemic mycoses has considerably increased, mainly due to environmental changes, population growth in endemic areas, and the increase in HIV-related immunosuppressed status. Among the most frequent endemic mycoses are coccidioidomycosis in semi-desert climates, and paracoccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis in tropical climates. The inoculum can enter the host through the airway or directly through the skin. Lymphatic and hematogenous spread may involve the skin.
AREAS COVERED
In this article, we provide up-to-date epidemiological and diagnostic data on major (histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis) and minor (talaromycosis, adiaspiromycosis, emergomycosis) endemic mycoses.
EXPERT OPINION
Endemic mycoses include diseases with a localized endemic area, and a few of them converge. These mycoses all have in common the airway involvement and can cause pulmonary symptoms following initial asymptomatic infection. Among the risk groups to acquire these mycoses are travelers from endemic areas, archeologists, speleologists, and immigrants. Promising and useful diagnostic tools have been developed in endemic mycoses; however, most of them are not standardized or available in low-income countries.
Topics: Animals; Endemic Diseases; Fungi; Global Health; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Mycoses; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32620065
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792774 -
Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics Mar 1980Significant symptoms postoperatively may be associated with massive growth of yeast organisms in the gastric remnant. Contrary to reports in the literature, the...
Significant symptoms postoperatively may be associated with massive growth of yeast organisms in the gastric remnant. Contrary to reports in the literature, the roentgenologic appearance is suggestive but not diagnostic of the presence of gastric mycosis. In our series, roentgenologic studies, gastroscopy and direct microscopic examination of the gastric contents have been required to establish the diagnosis of gastric mycosis. In our experience, as well as in that of other reported series, gastric mycosis has been most frequently seen following vagotomy and antrectomy with Billroth I reconstruction. The physiopathology is speculative, but abnormal gastric emptying of solids, increased intragastric pH and reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach are strongly suggestive factors. Treatment of this condition, as reported in the literature, has been empiric and not quite successful. Our treatment protocol has given us more satisfactory results. Postoperatively, gastric mycosis is a benign condition not associated with obstruction of the gastric outlet or the intestine, gastric hemorrhage, anemia or peforation. Aggressive treatment is not justified in the absence of severe symptoms. If the reflux of duodenal contents is suspected to be an important contributing factor, reconstruction of the gastric outlet using the Roux-en-Y principle may give gratifying results.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bezoars; Female; Gastrectomy; Gastroscopy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Postoperative Complications; Stomach Diseases; Vagotomy
PubMed: 7355357
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the American Thoracic Society Nov 2018Asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and related incurable allergic afflictions of the upper and lower airways are medically important because of their association with the... (Review)
Review
Asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and related incurable allergic afflictions of the upper and lower airways are medically important because of their association with the disabling symptom of dyspnea and, at least for asthma, the potential to cause fatal asphyxiation. Extensive research over the past two decades has uncovered both the physiological basis of airway obstruction in asthma and key governing molecular pathways. Exaggerated airway constriction in response to diverse provocative stimuli, termed airway hyperresponsiveness, is mediated through the cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13 and the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). Overproduction of mucus has long been known to be an essential second component of airway obstruction and is also mediated in part through the IL-4/IL-13/STAT6 pathway. In this review, we discuss a second major signaling pathway which underlies mucus production that is mediated through proteinase-cleaved fibrinogen signaling through Toll-like receptor 4. Unexpectedly, our analysis of human sputum and paranasal sinus fluid indicates that in most cases of severe allergic airway disease, a unique type of airway fungal infection, termed airway mycosis, is pathogenically linked to these conditions. We further discuss how fungal and endogenous proteinases mediate the fibrinogenolysis that is essential to both Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and fibrin deposition that, together with mucus, contribute to airway obstruction.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Fibrinogen; Humans; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Mucus; Mycoses; Peptide Hydrolases; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 30431347
DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-154AW -
Giornale Italiano Di Dermatologia E... Dec 2013In recent years, the incidence of fungal infections of the skin, one of the most frequent forms of infection, has been steadily increasing in Europe. One of the main... (Review)
Review
In recent years, the incidence of fungal infections of the skin, one of the most frequent forms of infection, has been steadily increasing in Europe. One of the main factors contributing to this increase is the gradual raise of migratory flows towards Europe. In the last decades Italy has witnessed an ever-increasing growth of the migrant population, and has become, to this day, one of the European countries with the highest number of immigrants. This phenomenon has had significant implications in clinical practice of dermatologic mycology as it is increasingly common to see unusual clinical isolate causal agents absent in our latitudes until a short time ago. This review provides an update on the epidemiology, classification, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of the most important dermato-mycosis observed in the immigrant population, through the most typical cases, investigated by microscopic and cultural findings. These diseases continue to expand and are often difficult to detect. The special relationship between host-environment interaction-parasite plays a crucial role as, even more than in other categories, it is widely widespread among the immigrants.
Topics: Emigrants and Immigrants; Epidermophyton; Europe; Humans; Incidence; Italy; Microsporum; Mycoses; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Trichophyton
PubMed: 24442038
DOI: No ID Found -
Mycopathologia Apr 2014Severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH) has a poor short-term prognosis often caused by infections. However, the incidence of invasive mycosis in patients with AH treated with...
BACKGROUND
Severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH) has a poor short-term prognosis often caused by infections. However, the incidence of invasive mycosis in patients with AH treated with corticosteroids and its impact still remains unknown.
METHODS
Retrospective analyses of twelve medical ICU patients (out of 120 patients with liver cirrhosis) with histological proven AH.
RESULTS
Twelve patients were diagnosed with histological proven AH during there stay at the ICU. All patients were treated with corticosteroids; three patients were treated with corticosteroids and pentoxifylline. Five patients had invasive aspergillosis (IA); three patients had candidemia; and two had fungal colonization with candida species. Only two patients had no evidence for fungals. IA was associated with death in all cases. Death occured in most cases shortly after diagnosis despite antifungal medication. Two patients with candidemia died; one patient died in the group with fungal colonization. Overall, the mortality rate was 100% in patients with IA and 70% in the group with candidemia.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with severe AH have an increased susceptibility to invasive mycosis associated with high mortality. A high level of suspicion of invasive mycosis in AH patients and prophylactic strategies are needed in those patients.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Female; Hepatitis, Alcoholic; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 24710759
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9740-x -
Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese... 2008
Review
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Dosage Forms; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fungi; Humans; Mycoses; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 18451596
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.49.137 -
Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1995
Review
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Fungi; Humans; Liver Diseases; Mycoses; Penicillins; Prognosis
PubMed: 8749423
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers of Medicine Feb 2018With the increasing number of immunocompromised hosts, the epidemiological characteristics of fungal infections have undergone enormous changes worldwide, including in... (Review)
Review
With the increasing number of immunocompromised hosts, the epidemiological characteristics of fungal infections have undergone enormous changes worldwide, including in China. In this paper, we reviewed the existing data on mycosis across China to summarize available epidemiological profiles. We found that the general incidence of superficial fungal infections in China has been stable, but the incidence of tinea capitis has decreased and the transmission route has changed. By contrast, the overall incidence of invasive fungal infections has continued to rise. The occurrence of candidemia caused by Candida species other than C. albicans and including some uncommon Candida species has increased recently in China. Infections caused by Aspergillus have also propagated in recent years, particularly with the emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. An increasing trend of cryptococcosis has been noted in China, with Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii ST 5 genotype isolates as the predominant pathogen. Retrospective studies have suggested that the epidemiological characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in China may be similar to those in other developing countries. Endemic fungal infections, such as sporotrichosis in Northeastern China, must arouse research, diagnostic, and treatment vigilance. Currently, the epidemiological data on mycosis in China are variable and fragmentary. Thus, a nationwide epidemiological research on fungal infections in China is an important need for improving the country's health.
Topics: Animals; China; Fungi; Genotype; Humans; Incidence; Mycoses
PubMed: 29380297
DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0601-0 -
International Journal of Paleopathology Mar 2019An examination of an adult male buried from the post-classical necropolis of La Selvicciola (Viterbo, Latium, Italy; 4-6 centuries AD) revealed a series of skeletal...
An examination of an adult male buried from the post-classical necropolis of La Selvicciola (Viterbo, Latium, Italy; 4-6 centuries AD) revealed a series of skeletal lesions. The lesions, both proliferative and lytic, ranging in size from small (around 0.01 mm) to extensive (up to 16.00 mm) pits, occurred at multiple sites. A holistic approach assessed lesion type, frequency and location in a differential diagnosis, which included myeloma, metastatic carcinoma, tuberculosis, leukemia, osteomyelitis, and mycoses. It was concluded that a mycosis, specifically Cryptococcosis, was the most likely cause of these lesions. Both macroscopic analyses and X-ray scans support our diagnosis. We also provide a methodological scheme as a model for examining unknown lesion patterns.
Topics: Adult; Burial; Cryptococcosis; Diagnosis, Differential; History, Ancient; Humans; Italy; Leukemia; Male; Multiple Myeloma; Mycoses; Osteomyelitis
PubMed: 30245229
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.09.001