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Veterinary Ophthalmology Nov 2014To determine the effects of the administration of subconjunctival 1% atropine (SA), topical 1% atropine (A), 0.5% tropicamide (T), 1% homatropine (H), 10% phenylephrine...
OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of the administration of subconjunctival 1% atropine (SA), topical 1% atropine (A), 0.5% tropicamide (T), 1% homatropine (H), 10% phenylephrine (P), and 2% ibopamine (I) on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil diameter (PD), ruminal motility (RM) and intestinal motility (IM) in sheep.
ANIMAL STUDIED
Ten spayed ewes of Santa Inês breed.
PROCEDURES
Six experiments were performed separately at 1-week intervals. One eye was randomly selected and received one drop of A, T, H, P, I, or subconjunctival injection of atropine at 8 a.m. On the following days, IOP and PD were evaluated every 8 h until the pupil returned to its normal diameter. Ruminal motility and intestinal motility were evaluated only within the first 13 h.
RESULTS
The IOP did not change significantly in the treated eyes compared with the control eyes and baseline at any time point (P > 0.05). A longer-lasting pupil dilation was observed after the administration of A (96 h), SA (79 h), H (24 h), and T (24 h). Within the first 30 min after treatment, RM and IM decreased, by 78% and 82% (H), 76% and 86% (SA), 46% and 58% (A), and 62% and 70% (T) (P < 0.001), respectively, with a tendency to return to baseline values following 13 h of drug administration. Both 10% phenylephrine and 2% ibopamine did not have any effect on the parameters evaluated (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Topical and subconjunctival 1% atropine, 0.5% tropicamide, and 1% homatropine significantly reduced RM and IM, and induced pupil dilation but did not change IOP in eyes of healthy sheep. The sympathomimetics phenylephrine (10%) and ibopamine (2%) did not change the parameters evaluated.
Topics: Animals; Drug Administration Routes; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Intraocular Pressure; Mydriatics; Pupil; Rumen; Sheep
PubMed: 24238072
DOI: 10.1111/vop.12121 -
New Zealand Veterinary Journal Nov 2011To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.
AIM
To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.
METHODS
Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset of effect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.
RESULTS
Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h). The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).
CONCLUSION
All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Atropine; Cyclopentolate; Goats; Mydriatics; Ophthalmic Solutions; Scopolamine; Tropanes; Tropicamide
PubMed: 22040340
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.609476 -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Oct 2019Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed surgery in the world, and its success depends in part on the quality of mydriasis. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Same-eye comparison of pupillary dilation with an intraoperative standardized intracameral combination of mydriatics (Mydrane®) versus a preoperative ophthalmic (Mydriasert®) in standard cataract surgery in non-diabetic patients.
INTRODUCTION
Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed surgery in the world, and its success depends in part on the quality of mydriasis.
PURPOSE
To compare, for the same eye, the pupillary dilation obtained with Mydrane® (standardized intracameral solution of 0.02% tropicamide, combined with 0.31% phenylephrine and 1% lidocaine) intraoperatively versus Mydriasert® (0.28mg tropicamide insert and 5.4mg phenylephrine) with a contact time between 45 and 60 minutes in the preoperative period.
METHODS
Single center prospective study from November 2016 to January 2018 at the Laveran Army Instructional Hospital in Marseille. Patients referred for surgery were dilated at the preoperative consultation with Mydriasert®. The pupillary diameter after 45-60 minutes of contact with the insert was manually measured, by two different examiners, through the "iris image" tab of the Pentacam® elevation topography. Patients were dilated on the day of their cataract surgery with 0.2cc of Mydrane® injected in the anterior chamber through a paracentesis. Thirty seconds later, prior to injection of viscoelastic, an eye photograph was taken by screen capture. The pupillary diameter was evaluated by two different examiners with to the Piximeter 5.9 metrology software. The difference in pupil dilation between Mydriasert® and Mydrane® was tested with the paired series Student t-test.
RESULTS
A hundred and eleven eyes of 82 patients were included. Mydriasert® achieved a mean pupillary dilation of 7.21±0.79mm. The mydriasis obtained with Mydrane® averaged 6.35±0.8mm. This difference of 0.86mm was statistically significant (P<0.001) with a confidence interval of 95% [-0.97; -0.74].
CONCLUSION
On average, Mydrane® dilates the pupil less than Mydriasert®. However, the mydriasis obtained with Mydrane® remains comfortable for the performance of the capsulorhexis. It helps save preoperative time and affords additional anesthetic to the cataract surgery. Nevertheless, the use of Mydriasert® is beneficial when extra mydriasis is required.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cataract Extraction; Dilatation; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Intraoperative Period; Male; Middle Aged; Mydriatics; Ophthalmic Solutions; Preoperative Period; Pupil; Standard of Care
PubMed: 31439408
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2019.07.001 -
Eye (London, England) Feb 2024The risk of eye diseases such as myopic macular degeneration increases with the level of myopia, but there is no safe level of myopia and the burden of lower degrees of... (Review)
Review
The risk of eye diseases such as myopic macular degeneration increases with the level of myopia, but there is no safe level of myopia and the burden of lower degrees of myopia remains considerable. Effective treatments are available that slow progression and thus limit the final degree of myopia. In this review, the rationale for slowing progression is summarized, and a case made for treating all myopic children. Measurement of refractive error and axial length is reviewed, stressing the precision of optical biometry, but also the need for cycloplegic autorefraction. The factors influencing progression are considered and the available tools for interpretation of progression rate are discussed. Finally, the need to set attainable treatment goals is emphasized.
Topics: Child; Humans; Refraction, Ocular; Mydriatics; Treatment Outcome; Myopia, Degenerative; Macular Degeneration; Disease Progression
PubMed: 37709925
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02722-6 -
[Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi] Chinese... Nov 1985
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mydriatics; Retinal Perforations
PubMed: 3939204
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Psychopharmacology Jul 2015The intravenous (IV) injection of tropicamide for non-clinical purposes is a new and widespread drug trend. The aim of this study is to provide the first literature... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The intravenous (IV) injection of tropicamide for non-clinical purposes is a new and widespread drug trend. The aim of this study is to provide the first literature review on the topic.
METHODS
Relevant literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE, Psycinfo, Google Scholar, conference proceedings and select citations.
RESULTS
Cases of tropicamide (IV) injection have been reported in Russia, Italy, Turkey and Kazakhstan. This phenomenon is mainly secondary to primary opioid (especially heroin) addiction. Several key factors can be associated with its rapid diffusion: (i) enhancement of the 'positive' effects of heroin; (ii) decrease and delay of heroin withdrawal symptoms; (iii) easy availability; (iv) low costs; (v) fast effects; and (vi) visibility of self-reported experiences on Internet. Acute tropicamide intoxications can lead to anticholinergic syndrome, hyperthermia, tremors and convulsions. Chronic tropicamide-related problems include cardiovascular toxicity, psychosis, renal or liver failures, severe weight loss and infections. Fatalities due to tropicamide IV injection have been reported in non evidence-based/peer-reviewed sources, such as drug fora, websites and media news.
CONCLUSIONS
Tropicamide IV injections represent a serious health risk. Specific prevention programmes should be implemented for the general population as well as for the high-risk population of polydrug abusers.
Topics: Databases, Bibliographic; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Mydriatics; Substance-Related Disorders; Tropicamide
PubMed: 26216560
DOI: 10.1002/hup.2481 -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) Apr 2005Some eyedrops, gels or ointments may cause adverse effects as serious as those observed with systemic therapies. Because of their relatively poor penetration into eye... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Some eyedrops, gels or ointments may cause adverse effects as serious as those observed with systemic therapies. Because of their relatively poor penetration into eye tissue, ophthalmic drugs usually contain high concentrations of their active ingredient. Asking patients about these drugs to prevent interactions is useful when prescribing a new systemic treatment. Conversely, it is advisable to ask about ophthalmic drugs during the etiological investigation of possible iatrogenic effects.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Age Factors; Aged; Biological Availability; Child; Drug Interactions; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Eye; Eye Diseases; Female; Frail Elderly; Gels; Glaucoma; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mydriatics; Ointments; Ophthalmic Solutions; Risk Factors
PubMed: 15962500
DOI: 10.1016/s0755-4982(05)83987-9 -
Postgraduate Medicine Oct 1975Headaches in children are virtually never the result of eye problems. If a child needs glasses, young age is almost never a contraindication to their use. Any child in... (Review)
Review
Headaches in children are virtually never the result of eye problems. If a child needs glasses, young age is almost never a contraindication to their use. Any child in whom strabismus is recognized or suspected should be referred to an ophthalmologist. The strabismus may be a presenting sign of a serious disease. Even if it is not, spontaneous cure almost never occurs. Furthermore, the younger the child, the easier and more successful will be the treatment of both the strabismus and the amblyopia that often accompanies it. Dyslexia is not the result of abnormalities of the eyes and is unaffected by eye exercises. There are no significant ocular hazards in the use of standard mydriatic (dilating) eye drops in children.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dyslexia; Eye Diseases; Eyeglasses; Glaucoma; Headache; Humans; Infant; Male; Mydriatics; Ophthalmic Solutions; Refractive Errors; Strabismus
PubMed: 1099567
DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1975.11714176 -
The American Orthoptic Journal 2012A series of Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group amblyopia treatment studies have concluded that the difference between patching and atropine penalization is...
A series of Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group amblyopia treatment studies have concluded that the difference between patching and atropine penalization is inconsequential, and that there is no statistically significant difference between various amounts of prescribed patching. These results, representing mean behavior of groups of amblyopia patients, suggest that a broader range of initial treatments are appropriate than many previously believed; however, it is less clear how this informs treatment in individual cases.
Topics: Amblyopia; Humans; Mydriatics; Sensory Deprivation; Treatment Outcome; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 22848111
DOI: 10.3368/aoj.62.1.1 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2015High myopia is a major cause of uncorrectable visual impairment. It imposes major challenges and costs for refractive correction, and for the treatment of associated... (Review)
Review
High myopia is a major cause of uncorrectable visual impairment. It imposes major challenges and costs for refractive correction, and for the treatment of associated pathological complications. In the last 60 years, there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of high myopia in younger generations in developed countries in East and Southeast Asia, and there are signs of similar, but less pronounced increases in North America and Europe. In some parts of the world, 70-90% of children completing high schools are now myopic, and as many as 20% may be highly myopic. It is now clear that myopia results from excessive axial elongation of the eye, and this greater rate of axial elongation appears to be environmentally driven. Experimental studies have examined the biochemical mechanisms involved in regulation of axial elongation; and, from these studies, some options have emerged for preventing the development of myopia or slowing myopia progression. Atropine eye drops have been quite extensively used in clinical practice in Asian countries. This long-lasting treatment could be beneficial, but has clear limitations and complications. Recent reports suggest that a low concentration of atropine, which has less severe side-effects, is also effective. But, a decision to use an invasive treatment such as atropine drops, even at low doses, requires careful consideration of the risk of myopia progression. A decision to use atropine in pre-myopic patients would require even more careful consideration of the risks. Here, we review the current literature relevant to the prevention of myopia progression with atropine drops.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Mydriatics; Myopia; Ophthalmic Solutions; Prevalence; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26350533
DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150909095403