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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Feb 2012The genesis of skeletal muscle during embryonic development and postnatal life serves as a paradigm for stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification, and... (Review)
Review
The genesis of skeletal muscle during embryonic development and postnatal life serves as a paradigm for stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification, and terminal differentiation. An elaborate interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms controls myogenesis at all stages of development. Many aspects of adult myogenesis resemble or reiterate embryonic morphogenetic episodes, and related signaling mechanisms control the genetic networks that determine cell fate during these processes. An integrative view of all aspects of myogenesis is imperative for a comprehensive understanding of muscle formation. This article provides a holistic overview of the different stages and modes of myogenesis with an emphasis on the underlying signals, molecular switches, and genetic networks.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscle Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Pregnancy; Stem Cells
PubMed: 22300977
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008342 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Gene... Apr 2020Skeletal muscles have an immense ability to regenerate from the muscle stem cells called satellite cells. The process of skeletal muscle regeneration is called... (Review)
Review
Skeletal muscles have an immense ability to regenerate from the muscle stem cells called satellite cells. The process of skeletal muscle regeneration is called myogenesis, which starts with activation of quiescent satellite cells immediately after muscle injury followed by proliferation and fusion of myoblasts into myotubes. Myogenesis is orchestrated through the expression of a specific set of genes which, at each step regulated by complex gene regulatory networks. Besides the well-established roles of transcription factors, increasing evidence demonstrated that circular (circ)RNAs modulate gene expression during myogenesis and are involved in muscle-related diseases. Here we review the recent findings of circRNAs involved in myogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; MicroRNAs; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; RNA, Circular
PubMed: 30946990
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.02.011 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Aug 2020SIX homeoproteins were first described in Drosophila, where they participate in the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach (PSED) network with eyeless, eyes absent and dachsund to drive... (Review)
Review
SIX homeoproteins were first described in Drosophila, where they participate in the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach (PSED) network with eyeless, eyes absent and dachsund to drive synergistically eye development through genetic and biochemical interactions. The role of the PSED network and SIX proteins in muscle formation in vertebrates was subsequently identified. Evolutionary conserved interactions with EYA and DACH proteins underlie the activity of SIX transcriptional complexes (STC) both during embryogenesis and in adult myofibers. Six genes are expressed throughout muscle development, in embryonic and adult proliferating myogenic stem cells and in fetal and adult post-mitotic myofibers, where SIX proteins regulate the expression of various categories of genes. In vivo, SIX proteins control many steps of muscle development, acting through feedforward mechanisms: in the embryo for myogenic fate acquisition through the direct control of Myogenic Regulatory Factors; in adult myofibers for their contraction/relaxation and fatigability properties through the control of genes involved in metabolism, sarcomeric organization and calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, during development and in the adult, SIX homeoproteins participate in the genesis and the maintenance of myofibers diversity.
Topics: Animals; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Homeodomain Proteins; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 32247726
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.003 -
Cell Proliferation Jul 2020Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most mammalian cell types and then released. Exosomes are effective... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most mammalian cell types and then released. Exosomes are effective carriers for the intercellular material transfer of material that can influence a series of physiological and pathological processes in recipient cells. Among loaded cargoes, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) vary for the exosome-producing cell and its homeostatic state, and characterization of the biogenesis and secretion of exosomal ncRNAs and the functions of these ncRNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis remain preliminary. In this review, we will describe what is currently known of exosome biogenesis, release and uptake of exosomal ncRNAs, as well as the varied functions of exosomal miRNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Exosomes; Humans; MicroRNAs; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 32578911
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12857 -
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and... Dec 2023Lactate, a glycolytic metabolite mainly produced in muscles, has been suggested to regulate myoblast differentiation, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive....
BACKGROUND
Lactate, a glycolytic metabolite mainly produced in muscles, has been suggested to regulate myoblast differentiation, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Recently, lactate-mediated histone lactylation is identified as a novel epigenetic modification that promotes gene transcription.
METHODS
We used mouse C2C12 cell line and 2-month-old male mice as in vitro and in vivo models, respectively. These models were treated with lactate to explore the biological function and latent mechanism of lactate-derived histone lactylation on myogenic differentiation by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, chromatin immunoprecipitation, cleavage under targets and tagmentation assay and RNA sequencing.
RESULTS
Using immunofluorescence staining and western blotting, we proposed that lactylation might occur in the histones. Inhibition of lactate production or intake both impaired myoblast differentiation, accompanied by diminished lactylation in the histones. Using lactylation site-specific antibodies, we demonstrated that lactate preferentially increased H3K9 lactylation (H3K9la) during myoblast differentiation (CT VS 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mM lactate treatment, P = 0.0012, P = 0.0007, and the rest of all P < 0.0001). Notably, inhibiting H3K9la using P300 antagonist could block lactate-induced myogenesis. Through combined omics analysis using cleavage under targets and tagmentation assay and RNA sequencing, we further identified Neu2 as a potential target gene of H3K9la. IGV software analysis (P = 0.0013) and chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR assay (H3K9la %Input, LA group = 9.0076, control group = 2.7184, IgG = 0.3209) confirmed that H3K9la is enriched in the promoter region of Neu2. Moreover, siRNAs or inhibitors against Neu2 both abrogated myoblast differentiation despite lactate treatment, suggesting that Neu2 is required for lactate-mediated myoblast differentiation.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide novel understanding of histone lysine lactylation, suggesting its role in myogenesis, and as potential therapeutic targets for muscle diseases.
Topics: Animals; Male; Mice; Cell Line; Histones; Lactic Acid; Muscle Development; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 37919243
DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13363 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Jan 2020Skeletal muscle development is a highly organized process controlled by evolutionarily conserved networks of transcription factors, transferrable signaling molecules,... (Review)
Review
Skeletal muscle development is a highly organized process controlled by evolutionarily conserved networks of transcription factors, transferrable signaling molecules, and noncoding RNAs that coordinate the expression of large numbers of genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as prominent players of multiple biological processes by silence of specific mRNAs or by suppression of protein translation. It has become to be clear cumulatively that miRNAs control of expression of gene targets are particularly important during skeletal myogenesis. Signaling pathways, especially IGF/AKT/mTOR pathway and TGF-β signaling, have also determined to act as critical regulators in the regulation of myogenic program. In the last decades, growing evidence has seen a rapid expansion of our knowledge of miRNA-mediated control of expression of target genes and signaling pathways, in which miRNAs coordinately regulate myogenic process through their targets or through signaling pathways. Here, we summarize the current findings of miRNAs and signaling pathways in the regulation of skeletal myogenesis, focusing on miRNAs' target genes and IGF/AKT/mTOR pathway and TGF-β signaling.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; MicroRNAs; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 31230374
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28986 -
Journal of Molecular Biology Jun 2015Skeletal myogenesis is the process of formation of the muscles that enable movement and breathing. Muscles form after the fate determination and differentiation of... (Review)
Review
Skeletal myogenesis is the process of formation of the muscles that enable movement and breathing. Muscles form after the fate determination and differentiation of precursor cells. Being an extraordinarily complex process, myogenesis is regulated at multiple levels, and transcriptional regulation naturally plays a big part in the making of muscle. A significant part of what we know today of the transcriptional regulatory networks overseeing myogenesis comes from large-scale functional genomics studies. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the various genomics techniques that have been employed over the years to understand myogenic regulation, to give a sense of the degree of understanding they have provided us up to now, and to highlight the next challenges to be overcome.
Topics: Animals; Epigenomics; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genomics; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 25687962
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.009 -
Nature Cell Biology Feb 2010Efficient tissue regeneration is dependent on the coordinated responses of multiple cell types. Here, we describe a new subpopulation of fibro/adipogenic progenitors...
Efficient tissue regeneration is dependent on the coordinated responses of multiple cell types. Here, we describe a new subpopulation of fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) resident in muscle tissue but arising from a distinct developmental lineage. Transplantation of purified FAPs results in the generation of ectopic white fat when delivered subcutaneously or intramuscularly in a model of fatty infiltration, but not in healthy muscle, suggesting that the environment controls their engraftment. These cells are quiescent in intact muscle but proliferate efficiently in response to damage. FAPs do not generate myofibres, but enhance the rate of differentiation of primary myogenic progenitors in co-cultivation experiments. In summary, FAPs expand upon damage to provide a transient source of pro-differentiation signals for proliferating myogenic progenitors.
Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Flow Cytometry; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Muscle Development; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Myoblasts; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells
PubMed: 20081841
DOI: 10.1038/ncb2015 -
Cells Aug 2019Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel class of non-coding RNA generated by pre-mRNA back splicing, which is characterized by a closed-loop structure. Although circRNAs were... (Review)
Review
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel class of non-coding RNA generated by pre-mRNA back splicing, which is characterized by a closed-loop structure. Although circRNAs were firstly reported decades ago, their regulatory roles have not been discovered until recently. In this review, we discussed the putative biogenesis pathways and regulatory functions of circRNAs. Recent studies showed that circRNAs are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue, and their expression levels are regulated during muscle development and aging. We, thus, characterized the expression profile of circRNAs in skeletal muscle and discussed regulatory functions and mechanism-of-action of specific circRNAs in myogenesis. The future investigation into the roles of circRNAs in both physiological and pathological conditions may provide novel insights in skeletal muscle development and provide new therapeutic strategies for muscular diseases.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; RNA, Circular
PubMed: 31412632
DOI: 10.3390/cells8080885 -
Experimental Cell Research Feb 2022Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a human model for developmental myogenesis, disease modeling and development of therapeutics. Differentiation of hPSCs into... (Review)
Review
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a human model for developmental myogenesis, disease modeling and development of therapeutics. Differentiation of hPSCs into muscle stem cells has the potential to provide a cell-based therapy for many skeletal muscle wasting diseases. This review describes the current state of hPSCs towards recapitulating human myogenesis ex vivo, considerations of stem cell and progenitor cell state as well as function for future use of hPSC-derived muscle cells in regenerative medicine.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Humans; Models, Biological; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Myoblasts, Skeletal; PAX7 Transcription Factor; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle
PubMed: 34973262
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112990