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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021miRNAs and lncRNAs do not encode proteins, but they play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. They differ in length, biogenesis, and mode of action.... (Review)
Review
miRNAs and lncRNAs do not encode proteins, but they play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. They differ in length, biogenesis, and mode of action. In this work, we focus on the selected miRNAs and lncRNAs involved in the regulation of myogenesis and muscle regeneration. We present selected miRNAs and lncRNAs that have been shown to control myogenic differentiation and show that manipulation of their levels could be used to improve myogenic differentiation of various types of stem and progenitor cells. Finally, we discuss how physical activity affects miRNA and lncRNA expression and how it affects muscle well-being.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; MicroRNAs; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; RNA, Untranslated; Regeneration
PubMed: 34768999
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111568 -
Journal of Muscle Research and Cell... Dec 2015Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine as they can... (Review)
Review
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine as they can differentiate into all cell types building a mammalian body. However, protocols leading to efficient and safe in vitro generation of desired cell types must be perfected before PSCs can be used in cell therapies or tissue engineering. In vivo, i.e. in developing mouse embryo or teratoma, PSCs can differentiate into skeletal muscle, but in vitro their spontaneous differentiation into myogenic cells is inefficient. Numerous attempts have been undertaken to enhance this process. Many of them involved mimicking the interactions occurring during embryonic myogenesis. The key regulators of embryonic myogenesis, such as Wnts proteins, fibroblast growth factor 2, and retinoic acid, have been tested to improve the frequency of in vitro myogenic differentiation of PSCs. This review summarizes the current state of the art, comparing spontaneous and directed myogenic differentiation of PSCs as well as the protocols developed this far to facilitate this process.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Pluripotent Stem Cells
PubMed: 26715014
DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9436-y -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... May 2021Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have attracted considerable interest in understanding the cellular fate determination processes and modeling a number of intractable... (Review)
Review
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have attracted considerable interest in understanding the cellular fate determination processes and modeling a number of intractable diseases. In vitro generation of skeletal muscle tissues using hPSCs provides an essential model to identify the molecular functions and gene regulatory networks controlling the differentiation of skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Such a genetic roadmap is not only beneficial to understanding human myogenesis but also to decipher the molecular pathology of many skeletal muscle diseases. The combination of established human in vitro myogenesis protocols and newly developed molecular profiling techniques offers extensive insight into the molecular signatures for the development of normal and disease human skeletal muscle tissues. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress of in vitro skeletal muscle generation from hPSCs and relevant examples of the transcriptional landscape and disease-related transcriptional aberrations involving signaling pathways during the development of skeletal muscle cells.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Development; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33590269
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03782-1 -
PLoS Genetics Jun 2023Four SIX homeoproteins display a combinatorial expression throughout embryonic developmental myogenesis and they modulate the expression of the myogenic regulatory...
Four SIX homeoproteins display a combinatorial expression throughout embryonic developmental myogenesis and they modulate the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors. Here, we provide a deep characterization of their role in distinct mouse developmental territories. We showed, at the hypaxial level, that the Six1:Six4 double knockout (dKO) somitic precursor cells adopt a smooth muscle fate and lose their myogenic identity. At the epaxial level, we demonstrated by the analysis of Six quadruple KO (qKO) embryos, that SIX are required for fetal myogenesis, and for the maintenance of PAX7+ progenitor cells, which differentiated prematurely and are lost by the end of fetal development in qKO embryos. Finally, we showed that Six1 and Six2 are required to establish craniofacial myogenesis by controlling the expression of Myf5. We have thus described an unknown role for SIX proteins in the control of myogenesis at different embryonic levels and refined their involvement in the genetic cascades operating at the head level and in the genesis of myogenic stem cells.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Homeodomain Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Somites; Muscle Development; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 37267426
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010781 -
Cells Aug 2019Skeletal muscle myogenesis and injury-induced muscle regeneration contribute to muscle formation and maintenance. As myogenic stem cells, skeletal muscle satellite... (Review)
Review
Skeletal muscle myogenesis and injury-induced muscle regeneration contribute to muscle formation and maintenance. As myogenic stem cells, skeletal muscle satellite cells have the ability to proliferate, differentiate and self-renew, and are involved in muscle formation and muscle injury repair. Accumulating evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are widely involved in the regulation of gene expression during skeletal muscle myogenesis, and their abnormal expression is associated with a variety of muscle diseases. From the perspective of the molecular mechanism and mode of action of ncRNAs in myogenesis, this review aims to summarize the role of ncRNAs in skeletal muscle satellite cells' myogenic differentiation and in muscle disease, and systematically analyze the mechanism of ncRNAs in skeletal muscle development. This work will systematically summarize the role of ncRNAs in myogenesis and provide reference targets for the treatment of various muscle diseases, such as muscle dystrophy, atrophy and aberrant hypertrophy.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscular Diseases; RNA, Untranslated; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle
PubMed: 31461973
DOI: 10.3390/cells8090988 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Feb 2011MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of numerous biological processes by modulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It has become... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of numerous biological processes by modulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It has become increasingly clear that almost all aspects of skeletal muscle development involve regulation by miRNAs. Many of these miRNAs have distinct expression profiles in skeletal muscles, under the regulation by the myogenic program. In the last few years the field has seen a rapid expansion of our knowledge of myogenic miRNAs that target a wide range of muscle genes to coordinately control the myogenic process. In this review we provide an up-to-date list of reported myogenic miRNAs and survey their expression patterns, regulation of biogenesis, and gene targets in skeletal muscles. Emerging themes of miRNA regulation in the context of skeletal myogenesis will also be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Mice; MicroRNAs; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 21270519
DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.3.14710 -
Epigenetics Nov 2009Adult skeletal muscle provides a unique paradigm for studying stem to differentiated cell transitions. In response to environmental stress, quiescent muscle stem cells... (Review)
Review
Adult skeletal muscle provides a unique paradigm for studying stem to differentiated cell transitions. In response to environmental stress, quiescent muscle stem cells (satellite cells) are activated and proliferative, at which stage they can either differentiate and fuse to form new muscle fibers or alternatively self-renew and maintain the muscle stem cell reservoir. This multi-step myogenic process is orchestrated by muscle regulatory proteins such as Pax3/Pax7 and members of the MyoD family of transcription factors. Findings published over the past few years have uncovered that epigenetic mechanisms critically repress, maintain or induce muscle-specific transcriptional programs during myogenesis. These studies are increasing our understanding of how muscle lineage-specific information encoded in chromatin merges with muscle regulatory factors to drive muscle stem cells through transitions during myogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Models, Biological; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 20009536
DOI: 10.4161/epi.4.8.10258 -
Bioscience Reports Jan 2023Skeletal muscle possesses a high plasticity and a remarkable regenerative capacity that relies mainly on muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Molecular and cellular components of... (Review)
Review
Skeletal muscle possesses a high plasticity and a remarkable regenerative capacity that relies mainly on muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Molecular and cellular components of the MuSC niche, such as immune cells, play key roles to coordinate MuSC function and to orchestrate muscle regeneration. An abnormal infiltration of immune cells and/or imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines could lead to MuSC dysfunctions that could have long lasting effects on muscle function. Different genetic variants were shown to cause muscular dystrophies that intrinsically compromise MuSC function and/or disturb their microenvironment leading to impaired muscle regeneration that contributes to disease progression. Alternatively, many acquired myopathies caused by comorbidities (e.g., cardiopulmonary or kidney diseases), chronic inflammation/infection, or side effects of different drugs can also perturb MuSC function and their microenvironment. The goal of this review is to comprehensively summarize the current knowledge on acquired myopathies and their impact on MuSC function. We further describe potential therapeutic strategies to restore MuSC regenerative capacity.
Topics: Humans; Muscular Diseases; Muscle, Skeletal; Myoblasts; Muscle Development; Inflammation
PubMed: 36538023
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20220284 -
Cancer Letters Mar 2018Skeletal muscle myogenesis during development and the injury induced regeneration contribute to the formation and maintenance of muscle tissue. Emerging studies have... (Review)
Review
Skeletal muscle myogenesis during development and the injury induced regeneration contribute to the formation and maintenance of muscle tissue. Emerging studies have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in the regulation of gene expression during skeletal myogenesis and their aberrant expression is associated with several muscular diseases. In this review, we summarize recent studies of lncRNAs in the regulation of myogenesis and muscle diseases with mechanistic characterization. These findings have greatly enhanced our understanding of gene regulatory mechanisms governing muscle formation and regeneration, which will eventually lead to novel therapeutics against various muscle diseases.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Models, Genetic; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; RNA, Long Noncoding; Regeneration
PubMed: 29253523
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.015 -
The FEBS Journal Sep 2013The transcriptional regulatory network that controls the determination and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in the embryo has at its core the four myogenic... (Review)
Review
The transcriptional regulatory network that controls the determination and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells in the embryo has at its core the four myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) Myf5, MyoD, Mrf4 and MyoG. These basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors act by binding, as obligate heterodimers with the ubiquitously expressed E proteins, to the E-box sequence CANNTG. While all skeletal muscle cells have the same underlying function their progenitors arise at many sites in the embryo and it has become apparent that the upstream activators of the cascade differ in these various populations so that it can be switched on by a variety of inductive signals, some of which act by initiating transcription, some by maintaining it. The application of genome-wide approaches has provided important new information as to how the MRFs function to activate the terminal differentiation programme and some of these data provide significant mechanistic insights into questions which have exercised the field for many years. We also consider the emerging roles played by micro-RNAs in the regulation of both upstream activators and terminal differentiation genes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscles; Myogenic Regulatory Factors
PubMed: 23751110
DOI: 10.1111/febs.12379