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International Journal of Systematic and... Sep 2020The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes has formally made final decisions, taking into account the conclusions of the Judicial Commission, on three...
The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes has formally made final decisions, taking into account the conclusions of the Judicial Commission, on three pending Requests for an Opinion, thereby allowing the corresponding Opinions to be issued. According to Opinion 100, the request for the recognition of strain A1-86 (=DSM 17629=NCIMB 14373) as the neotype strain of (Hauduroy 1937) Prévot 1938 (Approved Lists 1980) is denied, ruling that a neotype does not need to be designated for because strain VPI 0990 (=ATCC 33656=CIP 105953) is considered to be a duplicate isolate of the same strain as VPI 0989 (=ATCC 25578) and may serve as its nomenclatural type. Opinion 101 approves the request that strain ATCC 25946 (=DSM 14877) serves as the type strain of instead of strain ATCC 25944, formally correcting the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Opinion 102 concludes that strain Cc m8 (=DSM 14697=CIP 109128=JCM 12621) is an established neotype strain for the species , replacing the designated type strain Windsor M271, and that strain Mx s8 (=DSM 14675=JCM 12634) is an established neotype strain for the species , replacing the designated type strain Windsor M78, with some additional considerations about the nature of the type material replaced and about the name () .
Topics: Eubacterium; Myxococcales; Myxococcus; Phylogeny
PubMed: 32812861
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004390 -
ACS Chemical Biology Apr 2023In this study, an unprecedented myxobacterial siderophore termed sorangibactin was discovered by heterologous expression of a coelibactin-like nonribosomal peptide...
In this study, an unprecedented myxobacterial siderophore termed sorangibactin was discovered by heterologous expression of a coelibactin-like nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene cluster from the strain MSr11367 in the host DK1622. De novo structure elucidation uncovered a linear polycyclic structure consisting of an N-terminal phenol group, an oxazole, tandem -methyl-thiazolidines, and an unusual C-terminal γ-thiolactone moiety. Except for the unprecedented oxazoline dehydrogenation to form an oxazole, which we show to be catalyzed by a cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme, other tailoring steps were found necessary for efficient downstream processing. The unusual thioesterase (TE) domain is proposed to select homocysteine or methionine for offloading involving an intramolecular γ-thiolactone formation. Its active site comprises a rare cysteine, which was found essential for product formation by point mutation to alanine or serine, which both abolished its activity. This unusual release mechanism and the resulting rare thiolactone structure can serve as a starting point for detailed biochemical investigations.
Topics: Myxococcales; Myxococcus xanthus; Phenols; Oxazoles
PubMed: 37014749
DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00063 -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Mar 2009Myxobacteria are soil-dwelling, Gram-negative bacteria which are notable not only for their multi-cellular 'social' lifestyles, but for production of structurally... (Review)
Review
Myxobacteria are soil-dwelling, Gram-negative bacteria which are notable not only for their multi-cellular 'social' lifestyles, but for production of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with potential in clinical therapy. Here we briefly review the history of myxobacterial natural products research, provide an overview of their unique secondary metabolism, with an emphasis on assembly line biosynthesis of polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide metabolites, and look to the future of the field.
Topics: Enzymes; Myxococcales
PubMed: 19109025
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.025 -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia Oct 2010Unlike mammalian NO synthases, bacterial NO synthases do not contain a reductase domain. The only exception from this rule is the NO synthase from myxobacterium... (Review)
Review
Unlike mammalian NO synthases, bacterial NO synthases do not contain a reductase domain. The only exception from this rule is the NO synthase from myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, but its reductase domain has unusual structure and location in the enzyme molecule. Recent achievements in bacterial genome sequencing have revealed the gene coding NO synthase (represented as an oxygenase domain) in some bacteria and have advanced the study of structure and functions of bacterial NO synthases. Important features of structure, sources of reducing equivalents, evolutionary connections, and functions of bacterial NO synthases (i.e. participation in nitration of the indole ring of Trp, in reparation of UV-radiation damage, role in adaptation of bacteria to oxidative stress, participation in the synthesis of cGMP, and resistance of bacteria against antibiotics) are described.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Genome, Bacterial; Myxococcales; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Protein Structure, Tertiary
PubMed: 21166639
DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910100032 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Nov 2013Ten species of the order Myxococcales with validly published names are devoid of living type strains. Four species of the genus Chondromyces are represented by dead...
Designation of type strains for seven species of the order Myxococcales and proposal for neotype strains of Cystobacter ferrugineus, Cystobacter minus and Polyangium fumosum.
Ten species of the order Myxococcales with validly published names are devoid of living type strains. Four species of the genus Chondromyces are represented by dead herbarium samples as the type material. For a species of the genus Melittangium and two species of the genus Polyangium, no physical type material was assigned at the time of validation of the names or later on. In accordance with rule 18f of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria the following type strains are designated for these species: strain Cm a14(T) ( = DSM 14605(T) = JCM 12615(T)) as the type strain of Chondromyces apiculatus, strain Cm c5(T) ( = DSM 14714(T) = JCM 12616(T)) as the type strain of Chondromyces crocatus, strain Sy t2(T) ( = DSM 14631(T) = JCM 12617(T)) as the type strain of Chondromyces lanuginosus, strain Cm p51(T) ( = DSM 14607(T) = JCM 12618(T)) as the type strain of Chondromyces pediculatus, strain Me b8(T) ( = DSM 14713(T) = JCM 12633(T)) as the type strain of Melittangium boletus, strain Pl s12(T) ( = DSM 14670(T) = JCM 12637(T)) as the type strain of Polyangium sorediatum and strain Pl sm5(T) ( = DSM 14734(T) = JCM 12638(T)) as the type strain of Polyangium spumosum. Furthermore, the type strains given for three species of the genera Cystobacter and Polyangium had been kept at one university institute and have been lost according to our investigations. In accordance with Rule 18c of the Bacteriological Code, we propose the following neotype strains: strain Cb fe18 ( = DSM 14716 = JCM 12624) as the neotype strain of Cystobacter ferrugineus, strain Cb m2 ( = DSM 14751 = JCM 12627) as the neotype strain of Cystobacter minus and strain Pl fu5 ( = DSM 14668 = JCM 12636) as the neotype strain of Polyangium fumosum. The proposals of the strains are based on the descriptions and strain proposals given in the respective chapters of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2005).
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; Myxococcales; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 24187023
DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.056440-0 -
Journal of Industrial Microbiology &... Jul 2006During the last 20 years myxobacteria have made their way from highly exotic organisms to one of the major sources of microbial secondary metabolites besides... (Review)
Review
During the last 20 years myxobacteria have made their way from highly exotic organisms to one of the major sources of microbial secondary metabolites besides actinomycetes and fungi. The pharmaceutical interest in these peculiar prokaryotes lies in their ability to produce a variety of structurally unique compounds and/or metabolites with rare biological activities. This review deals with the recent progress toward a better understanding of the biology, the genetics, the biochemistry and the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in myxobacteria. These research efforts paved the way to sophisticated in vitro studies and to the heterologous expression of complete biosynthetic pathways in conjunction with their targeted manipulation. The progress made is a prerequisite for using the vast resource of myxobacterial diversity regarding secondary metabolism more efficiently in the future.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Engineering; Genomics; Macrolides; Multigene Family; Myxococcales
PubMed: 16491362
DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0082-7 -
Annual Review of Genetics 1986
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Biological Evolution; Cell Aggregation; Cell Communication; Chemotaxis; DNA Transposable Elements; Dictyostelium; Gene Expression Regulation; Myxococcales; Spores, Bacterial; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 3028248
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ge.20.120186.002543 -
Microbiological Reviews Dec 1990Myxobacteria are soil bacteria whose unusually social behavior distinguishes them from other groups of procaryotes. Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of their social... (Review)
Review
Myxobacteria are soil bacteria whose unusually social behavior distinguishes them from other groups of procaryotes. Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of their social behavior occurs during development, when tens of thousands of cells aggregate and form a colorful fruiting body. Inside the fruiting body the vegetative cells convert into dormant, resistant myxospores. However, myxobacterial social behavior is not restricted to the developmental cycle, and three other social behaviors have been described. Vegetative cells have a multigene social motility system in which cell-cell contact is essential for gliding in multicellular swarms. Cell growth on protein is cooperative in that the growth rate increases with the cell density. Rippling is a periodic behavior in which the cells align themselves in ridges and move in waves. These social behaviors indicate that myxobacterial colonies are not merely collections of individual cells but are societies in which cell behavior is synchronized by cell-cell interactions. The molecular basis of these social behaviors is becoming clear through the use of a combination of behavioral, biochemical, and genetic experimental approaches.
Topics: Base Sequence; Biological Evolution; DNA, Bacterial; Molecular Sequence Data; Myxococcales; Nucleic Acid Conformation; RNA, Bacterial
PubMed: 1708086
DOI: 10.1128/mr.54.4.473-501.1990 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023The hard-to-culture slightly halophilic myxobacterium "" SMH-27-4 produces antifungal cyclodepsipeptide miuraenamide A (). Herein, the region (85.9 kbp) containing the...
The hard-to-culture slightly halophilic myxobacterium "" SMH-27-4 produces antifungal cyclodepsipeptide miuraenamide A (). Herein, the region (85.9 kbp) containing the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) coding the assembly of was identified and heterologously expressed in A biosynthetic pathway proposed using in silico analysis was verified through the gene disruption of the heterologous transformant. In addition to the core polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) genes, tyrosine halogenase and -methyltransferase genes participated in the biosynthesis of as their gene-disrupted mutants produced a new congener, debromomiuraenamide A (), and a previously isolated congener, miuraenamide E (), respectively. Multigene disruption provided a heterologous mutant that produced with the highest yield among the prepared mutants. When fed on 3-bromo-L-tyrosine, this mutant produced more in the yield of 1.21 mg/L, which was 20 times higher than that produced by the initially prepared heterologous transformant. Although this yield was comparable to that of the original producer SMH-27-4 (1 mg/L), the culture time was 4.5 times shorter than that of SMH-27-4, indicating a five-fold efficiency in productivity. The results indicate the great potential of the miuraenamide BGC for the future contribution to drug development through logical gene manipulation.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Myxococcales; Depsipeptides; Polyketide Synthases; Multigene Family
PubMed: 36985787
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062815 -
Folia Microbiologica Aug 2021Myxobacteria belong to a group of bacteria that are known for their well-developed communication system and synchronized or coordinated movement. This typical behavior... (Review)
Review
Myxobacteria belong to a group of bacteria that are known for their well-developed communication system and synchronized or coordinated movement. This typical behavior of myxobacteria is mediated through secondary metabolites. They are capable of producing secondary metabolites belonging to several chemical classes with unique and wide spectrum of bioactivities. It is predominantly significant that myxobacteria specialize in mechanisms of action that are very rare with other producers. Most of the metabolites have been explored for their medical and pharmaceutical values while a lot of them are still unexplored. This review is an attempt to understand the role of potential metabolites produced by myxobacteria in different applications. Different myxobacterial metabolites have demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties along with cytotoxic activity against various cell lines. Beside their metabolites, these myxobacteria have also been discussed for better exploitation and implementation in different industrial sectors.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Industrial Microbiology; Myxococcales
PubMed: 34060028
DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00875-z