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Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and... Dec 2019The nervous system is known as a crucial part of the body and derangement in this system can cause potentially lethal consequences or serious side effects.... (Review)
Review
The nervous system is known as a crucial part of the body and derangement in this system can cause potentially lethal consequences or serious side effects. Unfortunately, the nervous system is unable to rehabilitate damaged regions following seriously debilitating disorders such as stroke, spinal cord injury and brain trauma which, in turn, lead to the reduction of quality of life for the patient. Major challenges in restoring the damaged nervous system are low regenerative capacity and the complexity of physiology system. Synthetic polymeric biomaterials with outstanding properties such as excellent biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity find a wide range of applications in biomedical fields especially neural implants and nerve tissue engineering scaffolds. Despite these advancements, tailoring polymeric biomaterials for design of a desired scaffold is fundamental issue that needs tremendous attention to promote the therapeutic benefits and minimize adverse effects. This review aims to (i) describe the nervous system and related injuries. Then, (ii) nerve tissue engineering strategies are discussed and (iii) physiochemical properties of synthetic polymeric biomaterials systematically highlighted. Moreover, tailoring synthetic polymeric biomaterials for nerve tissue engineering is reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Humans; Nerve Tissue; Polymers; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 31437011
DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1639723 -
Journal of the History of the... 2017The previous works of Purkyně, Valentin, and Remak showed that the central and peripheral nervous systems contained not only nerve fibers but also cellular elements.... (Review)
Review
The previous works of Purkyně, Valentin, and Remak showed that the central and peripheral nervous systems contained not only nerve fibers but also cellular elements. The use of microscopes and new fixation techniques enabled them to accurately obtain data on the structure of nerve tissue and consequently in many European universities microscopes started to become widely used in histological and morphological studies. The present review summarizes important discoveries concerning the structure of neural tissue, mostly from vertebrates, during the period from 1838 to 1865. This review describes the discoveries of famous as well as less well-known scholars of the time, who contributed significantly to current understandings about the structure of neural tissue. The period is characterized by the first descriptions of different types of nerve cells and the first attempts of a cytoarchitectonic description of the spinal cord and brain. During the same time, the concept of a neuroglial tissue was introduced, first as a tissue for "gluing" nerve fibers, cells, and blood capillaries into one unit, but later some glial cells were described for the first time. Questions arose as to whether or not cells in ganglia and the central nervous system had the same morphological and functional properties, and whether nerve fibers and cell bodies were interconnected. Microscopic techniques started to be used for the examination of physiological as well as pathological nerve tissues. The overall state of knowledge was just a step away from the emergence of the concept of neurons and glial cells.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Central Nervous System; Ganglia; Histological Techniques; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Medical Illustration; Microscopy; Nerve Tissue; Neuroanatomy; Neuroglia; Neurons
PubMed: 26584151
DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2015.1086207 -
Journal of Biomaterials Science.... Mar 2020Attributed to the excellent biocompatibility and desirable mechanical properties to natural tissue, natural polymer-based electrospun nanofibers have drawn extensive... (Review)
Review
Attributed to the excellent biocompatibility and desirable mechanical properties to natural tissue, natural polymer-based electrospun nanofibers have drawn extensive research interests in tissue engineering. Electrospun nanofibers have been explored as scaffolds in tissue engineering to modulate cellular behavior. Also, electrospun nanofiber matrices have morphological similarities to the natural extra-cellular matrix (ECM). Natural polymer and its composite nanofiber mats are the promising candidates in governing nerve cells growth and nerve regeneration due to their unique characteristics such as high permeability, stability, porosity, suitable mechanical performance and excellent biocompatibility. In this review, the progress in electrospun natural polymers and its composite nanofibers scaffold for neural tissue engineering are presented. The influences of fiber orientation and electrical stimulation on the nerve cell behavior and neurite growth are systematically summarized. Furthermore, the current application of natural polymer composite scaffold as implantable device for nerve regeneration is also discussed (see Figure 1).
Topics: Animals; Electricity; Humans; Nanofibers; Nerve Tissue; Polymers; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 31774364
DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1697170 -
Materials Science & Engineering. C,... Jan 2014Nanotechnology offers new perspectives in the field of innovative medicine, especially for reparation and regeneration of irreversibly damaged or diseased nerve tissues... (Review)
Review
Nanotechnology offers new perspectives in the field of innovative medicine, especially for reparation and regeneration of irreversibly damaged or diseased nerve tissues due to lack of effective self-repair mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively) of the human body. Carbon nanomaterials, due to their unique physical, chemical and biological properties, are currently considered as promising candidates for applications in regenerative medicine. This chapter discusses the potential applications of various carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, nanofibers and graphene for regeneration and stimulation of nerve tissue, as well as in drug delivery systems for nerve disease therapy.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Carbon; Humans; Nanostructures; Nerve Regeneration; Nerve Tissue
PubMed: 24268231
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.038 -
Journal of Tissue Engineering and... Apr 2011Among the numerous attempts to integrate tissue engineering concepts into strategies to repair nearly all parts of the body, neuronal repair stands out. This is... (Review)
Review
Among the numerous attempts to integrate tissue engineering concepts into strategies to repair nearly all parts of the body, neuronal repair stands out. This is partially due to the complexity of the nervous anatomical system, its functioning and the inefficiency of conventional repair approaches, which are based on single components of either biomaterials or cells alone. Electrical stimulation has been shown to enhance the nerve regeneration process and this consequently makes the use of electrically conductive polymers very attractive for the construction of scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. In this review, by taking into consideration the electrical properties of nerve cells and the effect of electrical stimulation on nerve cells, we discuss the most commonly utilized conductive polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), along with their design and modifications, thus making them suitable scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Other electrospun, composite, conductive scaffolds, such as PANI/gelatin and PPy/poly(ε-caprolactone), with or without electrical stimulation, are also discussed. Different procedures of electrical stimulation which have been used in tissue engineering, with examples on their specific applications in tissue engineering, are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Electric Conductivity; Electric Stimulation; Humans; Nerve Tissue; Polymers; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 21413155
DOI: 10.1002/term.383 -
Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Sep 2018During several anesthesiological procedures, needles are inserted through the skin of a patient to target nerves. In most cases, the needle traverses several... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
During several anesthesiological procedures, needles are inserted through the skin of a patient to target nerves. In most cases, the needle traverses several tissues-skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels-to reach the target nerve. A clear identification of the target nerve can improve the success of the nerve block and reduce the rate of complications. This may be accomplished with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) which can provide a quantitative measure of the tissue composition. The goal of the current study was to further explore the morphological, biological, chemical, and optical characteristics of the tissues encountered during needle insertion to improve future DRS classification algorithms.
METHODS
To compare characteristics of nerve tissue (sciatic nerve) and adipose tissues, the following techniques were used: histology, DRS, absorption spectrophotometry, high-resolution magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy, and solution 2D C- H heteronuclear single-quantum coherence spectroscopy. Tissues from five human freshly frozen cadavers were examined.
RESULTS
Histology clearly highlights a higher density of cellular nuclei, collagen, and cytoplasm in fascicular nerve tissue (IFAS). IFAS showed lower absorption of light around 1200 nm and 1750 nm, higher absorption around 1500 nm and 2000 nm, and a shift in the peak observed around 1000 nm. DRS measurements showed a higher water percentage and collagen concentration in IFAS and a lower fat percentage compared to all other tissues. The scattering parameter (b) was highest in IFAS. The HR-MAS NMR data showed three extra chemical peak shifts in IFAS tissue.
CONCLUSION
Collagen, water, and cellular nuclei concentration are clearly different between nerve fascicular tissue and other adipose tissue and explain some of the differences observed in the optical absorption, DRS, and HR-NMR spectra of these tissues. Some differences observed between fascicular nerve tissue and adipose tissues cannot yet be explained but may be helpful in improving the discriminatory capabilities of DRS in anesthesiology procedures. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:948-960, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Histological Techniques; Humans; Male; Nerve Tissue; Optical Imaging; Spectrum Analysis; Tissue Culture Techniques
PubMed: 29756651
DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22938 -
Indian Journal of Leprosy 1996
Review
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Culture Techniques; Leprosy; Lymphocytes; Mycobacterium leprae; Nerve Tissue
PubMed: 8727116
DOI: No ID Found -
Fiziologia Normala Si Patologica 1971
Review
Topics: Culture Techniques; Electrophysiology; Methods; Nerve Tissue; Neuroglia; Neurons
PubMed: 4938259
DOI: No ID Found -
Materials Science & Engineering. C,... May 2020Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that has not yet been treated successfully. In the United States, almost 450,000 people suffer... (Review)
Review
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that has not yet been treated successfully. In the United States, almost 450,000 people suffer from SCI. Despite the development of many clinical treatments, therapeutics are still at an early stage for a successful bridging of damaged nerve spaces and complete recovery of nerve functions. Biomimetic 3D scaffolds have been an effective option in repairing the damaged nervous system. 3D scaffolds allow improved host tissue engraftment and new tissue development by supplying physical support to ease cell function. Recently, 3D bioprinting techniques that may easily regulate the dimension and shape of the 3D tissue scaffold and are capable of producing scaffolds with cells have attracted attention. Production of biologically more complex microstructures can be achieved by using 3D bioprinting technology. Particularly in vitro modeling of CNS tissues for in vivo transplantation is critical in the treatment of SCI. Considering the potential impact of 3D bioprinting technology on neural studies, this review focus on 3D bioprinting methods, bio-inks, and cells widely used in neural tissue engineering and the latest technological applications of bioprinting of nerve tissues for the repair of SCI are discussed.
Topics: Bioprinting; Humans; Nerve Tissue; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Spinal Cord Injuries; Spinal Cord Regeneration; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 32204049
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110741 -
Biology of the Cell 1988This paper describes in a historical perspective the development of serum-free nutrient media suitable for long-term culturing of nerve tissue. Several disadvantages of... (Review)
Review
This paper describes in a historical perspective the development of serum-free nutrient media suitable for long-term culturing of nerve tissue. Several disadvantages of the use of serum are discussed, coupled with an acknowledgement that it is not always advisable to replace a routinely used serum-supplemented medium by a chemically defined medium with the expectation of immediate success. Therefore a strategy is given on how to develop a chemically defined medium that is thoroughly tuned to the specific needs of the cell type to be cultured. It is argued that such a medium has several substantial advantages over the use of serum.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Nerve Tissue
PubMed: 3066424
DOI: 10.1016/0248-4900(88)90116-5