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Neuron Mar 2002Current treatments for depression are inadequate for many individuals, and progress in understanding the neurobiology of depression is slow. Several promising hypotheses... (Review)
Review
Current treatments for depression are inadequate for many individuals, and progress in understanding the neurobiology of depression is slow. Several promising hypotheses of depression and antidepressant action have been formulated recently. These hypotheses are based largely on dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and hippocampus and implicate corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and CREB. Recent work has looked beyond hippocampus to other brain areas that are also likely involved. For example, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and certain hypothalamic nuclei are critical in regulating motivation, eating, sleeping, energy level, circadian rhythm, and responses to rewarding and aversive stimuli, which are all abnormal in depressed patients. A neurobiologic understanding of depression also requires identification of the genes that make individuals vulnerable or resistant to the syndrome. These advances will fundamentally improve the treatment and prevention of depression.
Topics: Animals; Depression; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Neurobiology
PubMed: 11931738
DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00653-0 -
Nature Neuroscience Dec 2020Brain development is an extraordinarily complex process achieved through the spatially and temporally regulated release of key patterning factors. In vitro... (Review)
Review
Brain development is an extraordinarily complex process achieved through the spatially and temporally regulated release of key patterning factors. In vitro neurodevelopmental models seek to mimic these processes to recapitulate the steps of tissue fate acquisition and morphogenesis. Classic two-dimensional neural cultures present higher homogeneity but lower complexity compared to the brain. Brain organoids instead have more advanced cell composition, maturation and tissue architecture. They can thus be considered at the interface of in vitro and in vivo neurobiology, and further improvements in organoid techniques are continuing to narrow the gap with in vivo brain development. Here we describe these efforts to recapitulate brain development in neural organoids and focus on their applicability for disease modeling, evolutionary studies and neural network research.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Neurobiology; Organoids
PubMed: 33139941
DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00730-3 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2012Sociability consists of behaviors that bring animals together and those that keep animals apart. Remarkably, while the neural circuitry that regulates these two "faces"... (Review)
Review
Sociability consists of behaviors that bring animals together and those that keep animals apart. Remarkably, while the neural circuitry that regulates these two "faces" of sociability differ from one another, two neurohormones, oxytocin (Oxt) and vasopressin (Avp), have been consistently implicated in the regulation of both. In this chapter the the structure and function of the Oxt and Avp systems, the ways in which affiliative and aggressive behavior are studied and the roles of Oxt and Avp in the regulation of sociability will be briefly reviewed. Finally, work implicating Oxt and Avp in sociability in humans, with a focus on neuropsychiatric disorders will be highlighted.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mental Disorders; Neurobiology; Neurotransmitter Agents; Social Behavior
PubMed: 22399403
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1704-0_12 -
Neuron Oct 2014Can the arts and humanities contribute significantly to the study of the brain? Similar brain processes are involved in humanistic and scientific inference, and in this... (Review)
Review
Can the arts and humanities contribute significantly to the study of the brain? Similar brain processes are involved in humanistic and scientific inference, and in this essay, I argue that conclusions reached by one are relevant to the other.
Topics: Beauty; Brain; Cognition; Humanities; Humans; Neurobiology
PubMed: 25277451
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.016 -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology Apr 2022
Topics: Behavior; Neurobiology
PubMed: 35654560
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102559 -
Schizophrenia Bulletin Mar 2022
Topics: Humans; Neurobiology; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 35064266
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab152 -
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Apr 2019Trauma experienced in early life has unique neurobehavioral outcomes related to later life psychiatric sequelae. Recent evidence has further highlighted the context of... (Review)
Review
Trauma experienced in early life has unique neurobehavioral outcomes related to later life psychiatric sequelae. Recent evidence has further highlighted the context of infant trauma as critical, with trauma experienced within species-atypical aberrations in caregiving quality as particularly detrimental. Using data from primarily rodent models, we review the literature on the interaction between trauma and attachment in early life, which highlights the role of the caregiver's presence in engagement of attachment brain circuitry and suppressing threat processing by the amygdala. Together these data suggest that infant trauma processing and its enduring effects are impacted by both the immaturity of brain areas for processing trauma and the unique functioning of the early-life brain, which is biased towards forming robust attachments regardless of the quality of care. Understanding the critical role of the caregiver in further altering early life brain processing of trauma is important for developing age-relevant treatment and interventions.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Infant; Neurobiology; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 30889546
DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100637 -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology Apr 2020
Topics: Neurobiology
PubMed: 32359783
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.03.005 -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology Feb 2020
Topics: Behavior; Neurobiology
PubMed: 31928830
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.001 -
Advances in Neurobiology 2016Neurological disorders are diseases of the brain, the spine, and the nerves that connect them. There are more than 600 diseases of the nervous system, such as brain... (Review)
Review
Neurological disorders are diseases of the brain, the spine, and the nerves that connect them. There are more than 600 diseases of the nervous system, such as brain tumors, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and stroke as well as less familiar ones such as frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias; cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, migraine, and other headache disorders; multiple sclerosis; neuroinfections; brain tumors; traumatic disorders of the nervous system such as brain trauma; and neurological disorders as a result of malnutrition. More than a decade of research worldwide has shown that berries support cognitive health by protecting nerves and help brain cells communicate with each other and improve the flexibility of nerve structures. Berries help nerves tolerate stress, including the stress of toxic exposure. They also support the healthy function of glial cells in the brain, essential for optimum brain function. Polyphenols, namely, anthocyanins, found in berries may slow cognitive decline through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in experimental animals. Based on the previous reports, this review explains the beneficial effects of the phytochemicals present in nine varieties of berries on neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Neurobiology; Phytochemicals; Research
PubMed: 27651259
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_15