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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 1991Since 1926, there have been three epizootics of ND. The latter two have been directly linked with psittacine species and Racing Pigeons. The modern poultry industry is... (Review)
Review
Since 1926, there have been three epizootics of ND. The latter two have been directly linked with psittacine species and Racing Pigeons. The modern poultry industry is extremely vulnerable to the effects of NDV, once it gains entry to any facet of the industry. Consequently considerable expense and effort are expended to keep the virus at bay. The main threat continues to come from psittacine species and racing pigeons. The considerable international trade in these birds, together with rapid air transport, can allow virulent NDV to gain entry to a country while exotic birds are incubating the disease. It is hoped that quarantine barriers and requirements will prevent the virus from entering a country, but smuggling continues and constitutes the biggest risk. Domestic avian pets are also vulnerable to the virus. It is hoped that new in vitro testing procedures, such as monoclonal antibody and oligonucleotide fingerprinting techniques, may be used to identify rapidly and characterize emergent virulent strains, so that appropriate measures may be taken to prevent infection of commercial poultry and domestic pets.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Birds; Columbidae; Newcastle Disease; Poultry; Psittaciformes; Water
PubMed: 1767471
DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50134-0 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jan 2022Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a worldwide distribution, causing lethal infection in a wide range of avian species. Affected birds develop respiratory, digestive and... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a worldwide distribution, causing lethal infection in a wide range of avian species. Affected birds develop respiratory, digestive and neurologic symptoms with profound immunosuppression. Mild systemic Newcastle disease (ND) infection restricted to the respiratory and neurological systems can be observed in humans and other non-avian hosts. Evidence of ND infection and its genome-based detection have been reported in Bovidae (cattle and sheep), Mustelidae (mink), Cercetidae (hamster), Muridae (mice), Leporidae (rabbit), Camelidae (camel), Suidae (pig), Cercophithecidae (monkeys) and Hominidae (humans). Owing to frequent ND outbreaks in poultry workers, individuals engaged in the veterinary field, including poultry production or evisceration and vaccine production units have constantly been at a much higher risk than the general population. A lethal form of infection has been described in immunocompromised humans and non-avian species including mink, pig and cattle demonstrating the capability of NDV to cross species barriers. Therefore, contact with infectious material and/or affected birds can pose a risk of zoonosis and raise public health concerns. The broad and expanding host range of NDV and its maintenance within non-avian species hampers disease control, particularly in disease-endemic settings.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Cattle; Chickens; Humans; Mice; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Public Health; Rabbits; Sheep; Swine; Zoonoses
PubMed: 33971048
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2246 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Jan 2024The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreak was first reported in Java Island, Indonesia, in 1926, which was then reported further in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.... (Review)
Review
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreak was first reported in Java Island, Indonesia, in 1926, which was then reported further in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. Nevertheless, the NDV is still endemic in Indonesia, with outbreaks occurring in free-range and commercial chicken farms. The dynamic evolution of the NDV has led to the further development of vaccines and diagnostic tools for more effective control of this virus. This paper discusses the history of the NDV occurrence, vaccines, the development of diagnostic tools, and the epidemiological condition of the NDV in Indonesia. Indonesia, which has the largest poultry population in the world after China, has challenges in preventing and controlling this virus that causes economic losses to the farmers and has an impact on the welfare of the poultry farming community in Indonesia.
Topics: Animals; Newcastle disease virus; Newcastle Disease; Indonesia; Viral Vaccines; Chickens; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 38311318
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23022 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Jun 2019Newcastle disease (ND) infects wild birds and poultry species worldwide, severely impacting the economics of the poultry industry. ND is especially problematic in Latin... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease (ND) infects wild birds and poultry species worldwide, severely impacting the economics of the poultry industry. ND is especially problematic in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru) where it is either endemic or re-emerging. The disease is caused by infections with one of the different strains of virulent avian Newcastle disease virus (NDV), recently renamed Avian avulavirus 1. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiology of Latin American NDVs, current control and prevention methods, including vaccines and vaccination protocols, as well as future strategies for control of ND. Because the productive, cultural, economic, social, and ecological conditions that facilitate poultry endemicity in South America are similar to those in the developing world, most of the problems and control strategies described here are applicable to other continents.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Latin America; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 30877525
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01843-z -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2000Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) viruses, is included in List A of the Office International des Epizooties. Historically, ND has... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1) viruses, is included in List A of the Office International des Epizooties. Historically, ND has been a devastating disease of poultry, and in many countries the disease remains one of the major problems affecting existing or developing poultry industries. Even in countries where ND may be considered to be controlled, an economic burden is still associated with vaccination and/or maintaining strict biosecurity measures. The variable nature of Newcastle disease virus strains in terms of virulence for poultry and the different susceptibilities of the different species of birds mean that for control and trade purposes, ND requires careful definition. Confirmatory diagnosis of ND requires the isolation and characterisation of the virus involved. Assessments of virulence conventionally require in vivo testing. However, in vitro genetic characterisation of viruses is being used increasingly now that the molecular basis of pathogenicity is more fully understood. Control of ND is by prevention of introduction and spread, good biosecurity practices and/or vaccination. Newcastle disease viruses may infect humans, usually causing transient conjunctivitis, but human-to-human spread has never been reported. Eight other serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses are recognised, namely: APMV-2 to APMV-9. Most of these serotypes appear to be present in natural reservoirs of specific feral avian species, although other host species are usually susceptible. Only APMV-2 and APMV-3 viruses have made a significant disease and economic impact on poultry production. Both types of viruses cause respiratory disease and egg production losses which may be severe when exacerbated by other infections or environmental stresses. No reports exist of natural infections of chickens with APMV-3 viruses.
Topics: Animals; Avulavirus; Bird Diseases; Birds; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry; Rubulavirus Infections
PubMed: 10935273
DOI: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1231 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Feb 2008Newcastle disease (ND) is regarded throughout the world as one of the most important diseases of poultry, not only due to the serious disease and high flock mortality... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease (ND) is regarded throughout the world as one of the most important diseases of poultry, not only due to the serious disease and high flock mortality that may result from some ND virus (NDV) infections, but also through the economic impact that may ensue due to trading restrictions and embargoes placed on areas and countries where outbreaks have occurred. All ages of pheasants are purported to be highly susceptible to infection with NDV, but clinical signs and mortality levels in infected birds vary considerably. This article reviews the available literature relating to infections in pheasants, describing the clinical presentation of the disease and the epidemiological role these hosts may have in the spread of ND.
Topics: Animals; Galliformes; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus
PubMed: 17383205
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.012 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Dec 2011Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating disease of poultry that has to some extent been neglected by those working in the field in the past 10 to 15 years while... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating disease of poultry that has to some extent been neglected by those working in the field in the past 10 to 15 years while attention has been focused on the emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by a H5N1 subtype virus. During 2000 to 2009 in the European Union (EU) member states, ND viruses virulent for chickens have been detected in wild birds, domesticated pigeons and poultry. Based on these isolations it appears that the epizootic in racing pigeons caused by the variant viruses termed pigeon avian paramyxovirus type 1, which form the genetic group 4b(VIb) first seen in Europe in 1981, continued during 2000 to 2009, and the virus is probably enzootic in racing pigeons in some EU countries. This virus appears to have spread regularly to wild birds, especially those of the Columbidae family, and has been the cause of significant outbreaks in poultry. Other avian paramyxovirus type 1 viruses responsible for ND outbreaks in the EU during 2000 to 2009 have been those from genetic groups 5b(VIIb) and 5d(VIId). There is evidence that the former may well represent spread from a wild bird source and these viruses have also been isolated from wild birds, while the latter represents continuing spread from the East. Future legislation or recommendations aimed at the control and eradication of ND will need to encompass these three sources of virulent ND viruses.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Columbidae; European Union; Genetic Variation; History, 21st Century; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 22107088
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.618823 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jul 2011Newcastle disease (ND) remains a constant threat to the poultry industry and is a limiting disease for poultry producers worldwide. The variety of clinical presentations... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease (ND) remains a constant threat to the poultry industry and is a limiting disease for poultry producers worldwide. The variety of clinical presentations and the emergence and spread of new genetic variants make recognition and diagnosis challenging. The current review details the pertinent features of the clinicopathologic disease in the main susceptible species, including chicken, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon, and other birds such as cormorants, psittacines, and canaries. Furthermore, the available and emerging laboratory diagnostic methodologies for the detection and typing of the virus are reviewed, including traditional techniques such as virus isolation and immunohistochemistry as well as rapid procedures based on molecular tools, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction, gene sequencing, and microarrays. The relevant genetic variability of ND viruses probably represents the major limitation in the validation and application of the current, advanced diagnostic molecular techniques. This underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary and comprehensive diagnostic approach, which should include, next to the new generation assays of the genomic era, the more traditional techniques such as histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and virus isolation.
Topics: Animals; Genetic Variation; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Phylogeny; Poultry
PubMed: 21908305
DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407887 -
Veterinary Pathology Sep 2018Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a devastating disease of poultry worldwide. The pathogenesis of ND in quail is...
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a devastating disease of poultry worldwide. The pathogenesis of ND in quail is poorly documented. To characterize the ability of virulent NDV strains to replicate and cause disease in quail, groups of 14 two-week-old Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica) were experimentally inoculated with 10 EID (embryo infectious dose 50%) units of 1 of 4 virulent NDV strains: 2 isolated from quail ( N2, N23) and 2 from chickens ( Israel, Pakistan). At day 2 postinfection, noninfected quail (contact group) were added to each infection group to assess the efficacy of virus transmission. Tested NDV strains showed moderate pathogenicity, with highest mortality being 28% for the N2 strain and below 10% for the others. Two N2-inoculated birds showed neurological signs, such as head tremor and ataxia. Microscopic lesions were present in N2-, Israel-, and Pakistan-inoculated birds and consisted of nonsuppurative encephalitis. Contact birds showed no clinical signs or lesions. In both inoculated and contact birds, virus replication was moderate to minimal, respectively, as observed by immunohistochemistry in tissues and virus isolation from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Strains originally isolated from quail resulted in higher numbers of birds shedding in the inoculation group; however, transmission appeared slightly more efficient with chicken-derived isolates. This study shows that virulent NDV strains have limited replicative potential and mild to moderate disease-inducing ability in Japanese quail.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Coturnix; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 29661124
DOI: 10.1177/0300985818767996 -
Acta Virologica 2018Recently, medicinal plants are achieving great interest because of their use in ethno medicine treatment of different common diseases and also other medicinal assertions... (Review)
Review
Recently, medicinal plants are achieving great interest because of their use in ethno medicine treatment of different common diseases and also other medicinal assertions are now reinforced by comprehensive scientific evidence. Almost 82 research articles and abstracts published, so far, were screened for evaluating antiviral efficiency of various plant samples and 23 different plants were found to be traditionally used against Newcastle disease (ND). ND is a most transmissible viral disease of avian species caused by virulent strain of Avula virus from the Paramyxoviridae family. The first epidemic of ND was perceived in Java, Indonesia and England in year 1926. ND causes great economic loses to the commercial poultry farmers around the world. Medicinal plants are traditionally used in the control of viral or other diseases and infections. Plants have been found useful in treating many microbial diseases in man and animals caused by bacteria and viruses. The ability to synthesize compounds retaining antiviral potential by secondary metabolism makes plants a vital source of pharmaceutical and therapeutic products, which can reduce chemotherapeutic load in birds. Current studies signify that the natural products posses a rich potential source of new antiviral compounds. Further ethnobotanical studies and laboratory investigations are established to identify species having potential to improve ND control.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 29521098
DOI: 10.4149/av_2018_101