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Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Mar 2014Newcastle disease is an important viral disease of falcons in the Middle East. Two different clinical presentations producing distinct clinical symptoms and pathologic... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease is an important viral disease of falcons in the Middle East. Two different clinical presentations producing distinct clinical symptoms and pathologic lesions have been identified in affected falcons, denoted as neurotropic velogenic and viscerotropic velogenic forms. Humoral response after vaccination with commercially available oil-emulsion inactivated poultry vaccines has been observed for up to 9 months in vaccinated falcons. Public awareness programs at falcon medical facilities in the region are needed to promote annual vaccinations to prevent Newcastle disease in falcons.
Topics: Animals; Falconiformes; Middle East; Newcastle Disease; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 24881147
DOI: 10.1647/2011-041 -
Veterinary Research Oct 2017Newcastle disease is caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which causes substantial morbidity and mortality events worldwide in poultry. The virus... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease is caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which causes substantial morbidity and mortality events worldwide in poultry. The virus strains can be differentiated as lentogenic, mesogenic, or velogenic based on a mean death time in chicken embryos. Currently, velogenic strains of NDV are not endemic in United States domestic poultry; however, these strains are present in other countries and are occasionally detected in wild birds in the U.S. A viral introduction into domestic poultry could have severe economic consequences due to the loss of production from sick and dying birds, the cost of control measures such as depopulation and disinfection measures, and the trade restrictions that would likely be imposed as a result of an outbreak. Due to the disease-free status of the U.S. and the high cost of a potential viral incursion to the poultry industry, a qualitative risk analysis was performed to evaluate the vulnerabilities of the U.S. against the introduction of virulent strains of NDV. The most likely routes of virus introduction are explored and data gathered by several federal agencies is provided. Recommendations are ultimately provided for data that would be useful to further understand NDV on the landscape and to utilize all existing sampling opportunities to begin to comprehend viral movement and further characterize the risk of NDV introduction into the U.S.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Birds; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Risk Assessment; United States; Virulence
PubMed: 29073919
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0475-9 -
BioMed Research International 2018Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most devastating diseases that considerably cripple the global poultry industry. Because of its enormous socioeconomic importance... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most devastating diseases that considerably cripple the global poultry industry. Because of its enormous socioeconomic importance and potential to rapidly spread to naïve birds in the vicinity, ND is included among the list of avian diseases that must be notified to the OIE immediately upon recognition. Currently, virus isolation followed by its serological or molecular identification is regarded as the gold standard method of ND diagnosis. However, this method is generally slow and requires specialised laboratory with biosafety containment facilities, making it of little relevance under epidemic situations where rapid diagnosis is seriously needed. Thus, molecular based diagnostics have evolved to overcome some of these difficulties, but the extensive genetic diversity of the virus ensures that isolates with mutations at the primer/probe binding sites escape detection using these assays. This diagnostic dilemma leads to the emergence of cutting-edge technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) which have so far proven to be promising in terms of rapid, sensitive, and accurate recognition of virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates even in mixed infections. As regards disease control strategies, conventional ND vaccines have stood the test of time by demonstrating track record of protective efficacy in the last 60 years. However, these vaccines are unable to block the replication and shedding of most of the currently circulating phylogenetically divergent virulent NDV isolates. Hence, rationally designed vaccines targeting the prevailing genotypes, the so-called genotype-matched vaccines, are highly needed to overcome these vaccination related challenges. Among the recently evolving technologies for the development of genotype-matched vaccines, reverse genetics-based live attenuated vaccines obviously appeared to be the most promising candidates. In this review, a comprehensive description of the current and emerging trends in the detection, identification, and control of ND in poultry are provided. The strengths and weaknesses of each of those techniques are also emphasised.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Phylogeny; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 30175140
DOI: 10.1155/2018/7278459 -
Viruses Jul 2022In May 2018, an outbreak of virulent Newcastle disease (vND) affected backyard and commercial premises in Southern California. The re-occurrence of these outbreaks since...
In May 2018, an outbreak of virulent Newcastle disease (vND) affected backyard and commercial premises in Southern California. The re-occurrence of these outbreaks since the 1970s suggests that some poultry communities may not have reliable and stable resources available regarding biosecurity and disease prevention. Therefore, staff at the University of California, Davis (UCD) School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM), and the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) began organizing educational events and learning more about the gamefowl breeder community through a needs assessment exercise, during which local feedstores and neighborhoods were also visited. Focus groups were organized with breeders in various cities within the regional quarantine area, established by the CDFA during the vND outbreak. The focus groups were aimed at creating open communication networks with gamefowl breeders in the affected area, as well as to learn about their current sources of information, learning preferences, and current management practices. With the input from gamefowl breeders, as well as funding and input from the CDFA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), a quality assurance program called the "Gamefowl Wellness Program" was established. Educational content was created and published through the UCD Gamefowl Wellness Program poultry health website. Additionally, with the help of the CDFA, the USDA, and pharmaceutical companies, Newcastle disease vaccines and training for their application were provided to feedstores with gamefowl breeder clientele. Nurturing trust with these poultry communities allowed us to receive the information needed to develop effective outreach strategies that could better serve them. Responding to community concerns might be a way to garner the trust necessary to prevent or at least promptly detect foreign animal disease outbreaks.
Topics: Animals; California; Disease Outbreaks; Newcastle Disease; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; United States
PubMed: 35891488
DOI: 10.3390/v14071509 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2022Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for...
Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and are resistant against different strains of NDV. Current study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in domestic ducks through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serum biochemical changes. For this purpose, eighty ducks were reared for 42 days and divided in two groups A and B. Ducks in group A were challenged with (NDV) at rate of 0.1 ml of ELD50 (virus titer 107.32/100µl) on second week of age, whereas Group B was control negative. Splenomegaly, atrophy of thymus and necrotic lesion in kidney were observed on 9th day of post infection. Hepatic degeneration and mononuclear cell infiltration were noticed in proventriculus and intestine in challenged ducks. Viral antigen detected in lungs, intestine, proventriculus and lymphoid organs of infected ducks through IHC. Albumin and total protein values were significantly low in infected groups A as compared to control group B. ALT, AST, and ALP values were significantly high in infected group A. On 5th and 7th day of post infection oropharyngeal swabs were negative for NDV and cloacal swabs were positive for NDV through Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that ducks are susceptible to NDV and virulent strain of NDV caused disease in ducks.
Topics: Animals; Ducks; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus
PubMed: 35043832
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.250607 -
Australian Veterinary Journal Jun 1981
Review
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Australia; Chickens; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Vaccination
PubMed: 7032493
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb05818.x -
Developments in Biologicals 2004Vaccination for Newcastle disease (ND) is routinely practised in countries where virulent strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are endemic and in countries where... (Review)
Review
Vaccination for Newcastle disease (ND) is routinely practised in countries where virulent strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are endemic and in countries where virulent strains do not exist but ill-timed infection by a low virulent field strain may have significant economic consequences for the producer. The types of vaccines and vaccination schedules used vary depending on the potential threat, virulence of the field challenge virus, type of production, and production schedules. A combination of live and inactivated ND vaccine, administered simultaneously, is shown to provide better protection against virulent NDV and has been successfully used in control programmes in areas of intense poultry production. A potential limiting factor in the use of live vaccines to control virulent ND is that live virus can interfere with surveillance and laboratory diagnosis. However, a new assay, the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR), differentiates low virulent from virulent NDV, thus minimizing the disadvantage of live virus vaccines in the face of an outbreak and may facilitate the use of such vaccines to control outbreaks of virulent ND in the future.
Topics: Animals; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 15742628
DOI: No ID Found -
Poultry Science Jun 2003Veterinary vaccines remained conventional for more than fifty years. Recent advances in the recombinant genetic engineering techniques brought forward a leap in... (Review)
Review
Veterinary vaccines remained conventional for more than fifty years. Recent advances in the recombinant genetic engineering techniques brought forward a leap in designing vaccines for veterinary use. A novel approach of delivering protective immunogens of many different pathogens in a single virus vector was made possible with the introduction of a "reverse genetics" system for nonsegmented negative-sense RNA viruses. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a nonsegmented negative-sense virus, is one of the major viruses of economic importance in the poultry industry throughout the world. Despite the availability of live virus vaccines of good potency, the intrinsic ability of attenuated strains to revert in virulence makes control of this disease by vaccination difficult. Armed with the knowledge of virulence factors of this virus, it is now possible to produce genetically stable vaccines and to engineer mutations that enhance immunogenicity. The modular nature of the genome of this virus facilitates engineering additional genes from several different pathogens or tumor-specific antigens to design contemporary vaccines for animals and humans. This review will summarize the developments in using NDV as a vaccine vector and the potential of this approach in designing next generation vaccines for veterinary use.
Topics: Animals; Genetic Engineering; Immunity; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry; Vaccines
PubMed: 12817444
DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.6.899 -
Developments in Biological... 1975Newcastle Disease of chickens is of interest in comparative pathology because the causal virus has a wide range of pathogenicity and is of only one antigenic type. The...
Newcastle Disease of chickens is of interest in comparative pathology because the causal virus has a wide range of pathogenicity and is of only one antigenic type. The virus can be grown to high titre and is easily titrated. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines give effective protection under experimental conditions. Vaccination of commercial chickens is associated with variable results, and it is now possible to investigate the factors which complicate vaccination. These include the presence of interfering respiratory infections, immunosuppressive disease of viral origin, variations in the techniques of vaccination and in the programmes of revaccination. Challenge with lethal virus given by aerosol is severe and allows an accurate assessment of the relationship between serum HI levels and the degree of protection. In the later stages of the immune process most but not all protection is associated with the IgG fraction of serum. There is also an increasing amount of evidence to show that local immunity in the respiratory tract is important in the early stages of the immune process.
Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Chickens; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Neuraminidase; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 1126584
DOI: No ID Found -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Mar 2020Newcastle disease (ND) is a major constraint to Kenya's poultry production, which is comprised of approximately 80% indigenous chickens (ICs; caged and free-range...
Newcastle disease (ND) is a major constraint to Kenya's poultry production, which is comprised of approximately 80% indigenous chickens (ICs; caged and free-range system) and 20% exotic chickens (intensive system). This study analyzed cases reported as suspected ND in Kenya between 2005 and 2015. Of the suspected 332 ND reported cases from the three production systems in 27 locations within six Kenyan Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs), 140 diagnosed as infected with avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOaV-1; formerly Newcastle disease virus) were present in every year in all AEZs. The numbers of AOaV-1-positive cases differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the production systems across the years depending on the season, climate, and location. In the free-range system, both ambient temperatures and season associated significantly (p = 0.001 and 0.02, respectively) with the number of cases, while in the intensive and caged systems, the positive cases correlated significantly with season and relative humidity, respectively (p = 0.05). Regardless of the production systems, the numbers of clinically sick birds positively correlated with the ambient temperatures (r = 0.6; p < 0.05). Failure to detect AOaV-1 in 58% of the ND cases reported, and mortalities exceeding the observed numbers of clinically sick birds suggest deficiencies in the current ND reporting and diagnostic system. Intensive farmers were the slowest in reporting the cases and diagnostic deficiencies were most evident by failure to test the exposure of ICs to natural infection with AOaV-1 and for the AOaV-1-negative cases lack of testing for other pathogens and/or AOaV-1 variants. This study indicates a need for improved surveillance and diagnostics in Kenyan domestic poultry.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Kenya; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 31501991
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02059-x