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International Immunopharmacology Jul 2024Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition responsible for the impairment of synovia and joints, endangering the functionality of individuals and contributing... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition responsible for the impairment of synovia and joints, endangering the functionality of individuals and contributing to mortality. Currently, obesity is increasing worldwide, and recent studies have suggested an association between such condition and RA. In this sense, obese individuals present a lower capacity for achieving remission and present more intense symptoms of the disease, demonstrating a link between both disorders. Different studies aim to understand the possible connection between the conditions; however, few is known in this sense. Therefore, knowing that obesity can alter the activity of multiple body systems, this work's objective is to evaluate the main modifications caused by obesity, which can be linked to the pathophysiology of RA, highlighting as relevant topics obesity's negative impact triggering systemic inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis, endocrine disbalances. Furthermore, the relationship between oxidative stress and obesity also deserves to be highlighted, considering the influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in RA exacerbation. Additionally, many of those characteristics influenced by obesity, along with the classic peculiarities of RA pathophysiology, can also be associated with purinergic signaling. Hence, this work suggests possible connections between the purinergic system and RA, proposing potential therapeutic targets against RA to be studied.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Humans; Obesity; Animals; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptors, Purinergic; Dysbiosis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 38810303
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112357 -
Current Gastroenterology Reports Sep 2016Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death worldwide. The prevalence of obesity has been increasing and is associated with an increased risk for other... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death worldwide. The prevalence of obesity has been increasing and is associated with an increased risk for other co-morbidities. In the critical care setting, nearly one third of patients are obese. Obese critically ill patients pose significant physical and on-physical challenges to providers, including optimization of nutrition therapy. Intuitively, obese patients would have worse critical care-related outcome. On the contrary, emerging data suggests that critically ill obese patients have improved outcomes, and this phenomenon has been coined "the obesity paradox." The purposes of this review will be to outline the historical views and pathophysiology of obesity and epidemiology of obesity, describe the challenges associated with obesity in the intensive care unit setting, review critical care outcomes in the obese, define the obesity-critical care paradox, and identify the challenges and role of nutrition support in the critically ill obese patient.
Topics: Comorbidity; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Nutritional Support; Obesity; Parenteral Nutrition
PubMed: 27422122
DOI: 10.1007/s11894-016-0519-8 -
Acta Paediatrica Japonica : Overseas... Feb 1995Childhood obesity is among the most difficult problems which pediatricians treat. It is frequently ignored by the pediatrician or viewed as a form of social deviancy,... (Review)
Review
Childhood obesity is among the most difficult problems which pediatricians treat. It is frequently ignored by the pediatrician or viewed as a form of social deviancy, and blame for treatment failure placed on the patients or their families. The definition of obesity is difficult. Using total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) technology, total body fat ranges between 12% and 30% of total body weight in normal children and adolescents. This is influenced not only by age, but also by physical fitness. Anthropometry is the easiest way to define obesity. Children whose weight exceeds 120% of that expected for their height are considered overweight. Skinfold thickness and body mass index are indices of obesity that are more difficult to apply to the child. Childhood obesity is associated with obese parents, a higher socioeconomic status, increased parental education, small family size and a sedentary lifestyle. Genetics also clearly plays a role. Studies have demonstrated that obese and non-obese individuals have similar energy intakes implying that obesity results from very small imbalances of energy intake and expenditure. An excess intake of only 418 kJ per day can result in about 4.5 kg of excess weight gain per year. Small differences in basal metabolic rate or the thermic effects of food may also account for the difference in energy balance between the obese and non-obese. In the Prader Willi Syndrome, there appears to be a link between appetite and body fatness. When placed on growth hormone, lean body mass increases, body fat decreases, sometimes to normal, and appetite becomes more normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Adolescent; Anthropometry; Behavior Therapy; Child; Child Health Services; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Obesity; Texas; United States
PubMed: 7754750
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1995.tb03675.x -
Postgraduate Medicine Mar 1990More effort should be invested in preventing obesity than is currently practiced, because prevention is much more successful than treatment, in either children or...
More effort should be invested in preventing obesity than is currently practiced, because prevention is much more successful than treatment, in either children or adults. Most obese children or adults. Most obese children have exogenous obesity, which is caused by increased caloric intake, reduced energy output, or overly efficient calorie utilization. These children are often tall for their age and have advanced bone age. Obesity in childhood is strongly associated with obesity in adulthood. The relationship between infantile obesity and obesity in childhood is less clear. Preventive measures in infants may include promotion of breastfeeding and delay in introduction of solid foods. Treatment in children includes abolition of junk foods and reduction in saturated fat in the diet and encouragement of regular physical exercise.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity
PubMed: 2315241
DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1990.11704600 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Mar 2011Positive energy imbalance Energy imbalance leads to obesity. A majority of the US population is overweight, a third obese and nearly 5% morbidly obese. In the developing... (Review)
Review
Positive energy imbalance Energy imbalance leads to obesity. A majority of the US population is overweight, a third obese and nearly 5% morbidly obese. In the developing world, this problem continues to evolve in an rapid manner, creating challenges for already burdened health systems. In many instances, the environment contributes to the problem. Factors ranging from the availability of calorie-dense foods, decreased time spent in physical activities, technologically assisted household chores to time spent watching television, all have some contribution to the problem. Much more needs to be done to control this obesity epidemic, both from a public health as well as a communal-expense perspective. Forced misuse of economic resources and wasted potential lives should drive a better coordinated effort to control what could possibly be the biggest health challenge of the 21st century.
Topics: Adult; Child; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Environment; Humans; Life Style; Obesity
PubMed: 21516909
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2011.01.002 -
Discovery Medicine Feb 2015The sharp rise in prevalence of obesity in recent decades has been suggestively labeled as an "epidemic," and the lack of fully explanatory causal factors has challenged... (Review)
Review
The sharp rise in prevalence of obesity in recent decades has been suggestively labeled as an "epidemic," and the lack of fully explanatory causal factors has challenged existing understandings of obesity's etiology from a purely energetic standpoint. Much recent attention has been focused on the microbial members of the human gut for insights into their role in potentially causing or promoting obesity. The human gut is home to trillions of microbes, among which hundreds of distinct species of bacteria interact to form the human gut microbiome, and numerous studies in humans and animal models have linked shifts in the gut microbiome to obesity. In this review we explore contemporary understandings of the relationship between obesity and the microbiome from a high-level ecological and functional perspective, along with a survey of recently proposed interventions. We highlight areas of consensus and areas for further study in the field.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Microbiota; Obesity
PubMed: 25725222
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1988Obesity arises when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over a long period. Excess weight has an energy value of 7000 kcal/kg. Theoretically excess weight might be... (Review)
Review
Obesity arises when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over a long period. Excess weight has an energy value of 7000 kcal/kg. Theoretically excess weight might be gained either because energy expenditure was too low or energy intake was too high. Many studies have shown that on average obese people expand more energy than normal so, notwithstanding dietary histories to the contrary, they must on average have a higher energy intake to maintain body weight. However it is not possible to show that obese people have any significant defect in short-term regulation of energy intake. The likeliest hypothesis is that obesity is a disorder arising from a failure of the long-term regulation of energy intake, in which cognitive factors play an important part.
Topics: Cognition; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Obesity
PubMed: 3065483
DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(88)90007-4 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Dec 2010The prevalence of obesity is growing among reproductive-age women. This is concerning because obesity has significant health-related consequences. Aside from the... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of obesity is growing among reproductive-age women. This is concerning because obesity has significant health-related consequences. Aside from the long-term risks of diabetes, heart disease, and some types of cancer, obesity poses immediate threats for young women including subfertility and adverse early and late pregnancy outcomes. Epidemiologic and experimental studies demonstrate associations between prepregnancy obesity and poor reproductive outcomes; however, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We discuss current knowledge of the pathophysiology of obesity in early reproductive events and how these events may affect reproductive outcomes including fertility and miscarriage risk. We also discuss avenues for future research and interventions to improve reproductive outcomes for obese women.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Female; Fertility; Fetal Development; Forecasting; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Obesity; Preconception Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; Research; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 20739012
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.06.043 -
The Journal of Applied Psychology Jul 2020Obesity is a condition that affects much of the world's population and generates substantial costs to organizations and their employees. Multiple scholarly disciplines... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a condition that affects much of the world's population and generates substantial costs to organizations and their employees. Multiple scholarly disciplines have generated a significant body of literature on the workplace consequences of obesity. Strikingly, however, the applied psychology and management literatures-a natural home for such research-have largely ignored this topic while embracing related issues like health, wellness, disability, and others. This paper seeks to invigorate organizational research on obesity by collecting, cataloging, integrating, and extending the disparate research streams that have explored the workplace consequences of obesity. To do so, this paper reviews empirical and conceptual studies on the workplace consequences of obesity, identifies weaknesses limiting the field's growth and impact, and builds an integrative theoretical framework that addresses these weaknesses. In doing so, we extend the field's understanding of the processes leading to-and the boundary conditions related to-obesity's influence on work outcomes for employees. Specifically, we broaden the field's focus by looking beyond the psychological processes (primarily stigmatization) that underlie obesity effects to consider the impact of both economic and medical perspectives as well. In all, this review integrates the multidisciplinary obesity literature by challenging the view that obesity effects can be primarily understood through a stigma-based lens. In so doing, we offer contributions not just to the obesity literature, but to related areas of health and social categorizations as well, and hope to revitalize work on a serious issue facing today's organizations and the people who work in them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Employment; Health Expenditures; Humans; Obesity; Organizational Culture
PubMed: 31670528
DOI: 10.1037/apl0000459 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates various physiological processes, including energy homeostasis and kidney function. ECS upregulation in obese animals and...
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates various physiological processes, including energy homeostasis and kidney function. ECS upregulation in obese animals and humans suggests a potential link to obesity-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, obesity-induced ECS changes in the kidney are mainly studied in rodents, leaving the impact on obese humans unknown. In this study, a total of 21 lean and obese males (38-71 years) underwent a kidney biopsy. Biochemical analysis, histology, and endocannabinoid (eCB) assessment were performed on kidney tissue and blood samples. Correlations between different parameters were evaluated using a comprehensive matrix. The obese group exhibited kidney damage, reflected in morphological changes, and elevated kidney injury and fibrotic markers. While serum eCB levels were similar between the lean and obese groups, kidney eCB analysis revealed higher anandamide in obese patients. Obese individuals also exhibited reduced expression of cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) in the kidney, along with increased activity of eCB synthesizing and degrading enzymes. Correlation analysis highlighted connections between renal eCBs, kidney injury markers, obesity, and related pathologies. In summary, this study investigates obesity's impact on renal eCB "tone" in humans, providing insights into the ECS's role in obesity-induced CKD. Our findings enhance the understanding of the intricate interplay among obesity, the ECS, and kidney function.
Topics: Animals; Male; Humans; Endocannabinoids; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Obesity
PubMed: 37686443
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713636