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Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology :... Oct 2012Occipital lobe epilepsies (OLEs) manifest with occipital seizures from an epileptic focus within the occipital lobes. Ictal clinical symptoms are mainly visual and... (Review)
Review
Occipital lobe epilepsies (OLEs) manifest with occipital seizures from an epileptic focus within the occipital lobes. Ictal clinical symptoms are mainly visual and oculomotor. Elementary visual hallucinations are common and characteristic. Postictal headache occurs in more than half of patients (epilepsy-migraine sequence). Electroencephalography (EEG) is of significant diagnostic value, but certain limitations should be recognized. Occipital spikes and/or occipital paroxysms either spontaneous or photically induced are the main interictal EEG abnormalities in idiopathic OLE. However, occipital epileptiform abnormalities may also occur without clinical relationship to seizures particularly in children. In cryptogenic/symptomatic OLE, unilateral posterior EEG slowing is more common than occipital spikes. In neurosurgical series of symptomatic OLE, interictal EEG abnormalities are rarely strictly occipital. The most common localization is in the posterior temporal regions and less than one-fifth show occipital spikes. In photosensitive OLE, intermittent photic stimulation elicits (1) spikes/polyspikes confined in the occipital regions or (2) generalized spikes/polyspikes with posterior emphasis. In ictal EEG, a well-localized unifocal rhythmic ictal discharge during occipital seizures is infrequent. A bioccipital field spread to the temporal regions is common. Frequency, severity, and response to treatment vary considerably from good to intractable and progressive mainly depending on underlying causes.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Mapping; Brain Waves; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Infant; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Neurosurgical Procedures; Occipital Lobe; Periodicity; Predictive Value of Tests; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 23027097
DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e31826c98fe -
Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) Jul 2015The relationship of the occipital lobe of the brain with schizophrenia is not commonly studied; however, this topic is considered an essential subject matter among... (Review)
Review
The relationship of the occipital lobe of the brain with schizophrenia is not commonly studied; however, this topic is considered an essential subject matter among clinicians and scientists. We conducted this systematic review to elaborate the relationship in depth. We found that most schizophrenic patients show normal occipital anatomy and physiology, a minority showed dwindled values, and some demonstrated augmented function and structure. The findings are laborious to incorporate within single disease models that present the involvement of the occipital lobe in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia progresses clinically in the mid-twenties and thirties and its prognosis is inadequate. Changes in the volume, the gray matter, and the white matter in the occipital lobe are quite evident; however, the mechanism behind this involvement is not yet fully understood. Therefore, we recommend further research to explore the occipital lobe functions and volumes across the different stages of schizophrenia.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Occipital Lobe; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 26166588
DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2015.3.20140757 -
Journal of Neurosurgery Nov 2013
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Occipital Lobe
PubMed: 24032708
DOI: 10.3171/2012.7.JNS12744 -
Ophthalmology May 2022
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Occipital Lobe; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Retrograde Degeneration; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 35461528
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.11.007 -
Seizure May 2022
Topics: Electroencephalography; Humans; Occipital Lobe; Seizures
PubMed: 35413590
DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.03.026 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2011Disorders of the optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation, and occipital lobe - collectively called the retrochiasmal visual pathways - are commonly... (Review)
Review
Disorders of the optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation, and occipital lobe - collectively called the retrochiasmal visual pathways - are commonly encountered in neurological practice, and may result from a number of causes. The major visual morbidity of retrochiasmal disease is the homonymous visual field defect, which is found in approximately 8% of stroke patients. A homonymous visual field defect may have profound legal, occupational, and financial consequences for patients, with many patients unable to read, drive, or return to work after sustaining retrochiasmal damage. Some homonymous hemianopias may improve, usually within days of a cerebral infarction, but remain stable after 3 months. Although treatment options are limited to those of the underlying cause, appropriate counseling and low-vision rehabilitation may be helpful.
Topics: Functional Laterality; Geniculate Bodies; Hemianopsia; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Occipital Lobe; Visual Fields; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 21601068
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52903-9.00014-5 -
Asian Journal of Surgery May 2023
Topics: Humans; Brain Neoplasms; Occipital Lobe; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36462980
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.11.089 -
Journal of Neurosurgery May 2012The anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity is so intricate and variable that its precise description is not found in the classic anatomy textbooks, and the occipital...
OBJECT
The anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity is so intricate and variable that its precise description is not found in the classic anatomy textbooks, and the occipital sulci and gyri are described with different nomenclatures according to different authors. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the anatomy of the occipital lobe convexity and clarify its nomenclature.
METHODS
The configurations of sulci and gyri on the lateral surface of the occipital lobe of 20 cerebral hemispheres were examined in order to identify the most characteristic and consistent patterns.
RESULTS
The most characteristic and consistent occipital sulci identified in this study were the intraoccipital, transverse occipital, and lateral occipital sulci. The morphology of the transverse occipital sulcus and the intraoccipital sulcus connection was identified as the most important aspect to define the gyral pattern of the occipital lobe convexity.
CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge of the main features of the occipital sulci and gyri permits the recognition of a basic configuration of the occipital lobe and the identification of its sulcal and gyral variations.
Topics: Brain; Cadaver; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Occipital Lobe; Terminology as Topic; Tissue Fixation
PubMed: 22339163
DOI: 10.3171/2012.1.JNS11978 -
Neurosurgical Review Feb 2021The superficial anatomy of the occipital lobe has been described as irregular and highly complex. This notion mainly arises from the variability of the regional...
The superficial anatomy of the occipital lobe has been described as irregular and highly complex. This notion mainly arises from the variability of the regional sulco-gyral architecture. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence, morphology, and correlative anatomy of the sulci and gyri of the occipital region in cadaveric specimens and to summarize the nomenclature used in the literature to describe these structures. To this end, 33 normal, adult, formalin-fixed hemispheres were studied. In addition, a review of the relevant literature was conducted with the aim to compare our findings with data from previous studies. Hence, in the lateral occipital surface, we recorded the lateral occipital sulcus and the intraoccipital sulcus in 100%, the anterior occipital sulcus in 24%, and the inferior occipital sulcus in 15% of cases. In the area of the occipital pole, we found the transverse occipital sulcus in 88% of cases, the lunate sulcus in 64%, the occipitopolar sulcus in 24%, and the retrocalcarine sulcus in 12% of specimens. In the medial occipital surface, the calcarine fissure and parieto-occipital sulcus were always present. Finally, the basal occipital surface was always indented by the posterior occipitotemporal and posterior collateral sulci. A sulcus not previously described in the literature was identified on the supero-lateral aspect of the occipital surface in 85% of cases. We named this sulcus "marginal occipital sulcus" after its specific topography. In this study, we offer a clear description of the occipital surface anatomy and further propose a standardized taxonomy for clinical and anatomical use.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain Mapping; Cadaver; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Occipital Lobe; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 31758336
DOI: 10.1007/s10143-019-01212-2 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Sep 2002The occipital lobe is an important region of the central nervous system and site of a wide variety of lesions. Different from others regions of the brain, whose anatomy...
BACKGROUND
The occipital lobe is an important region of the central nervous system and site of a wide variety of lesions. Different from others regions of the brain, whose anatomy has been already meticulously detailed, controversies about occipital lobe morphology can occasionally hinder the surgical approaches to it.
METHOD
Twenty-six hemispheres were dissected, examining the distances of the medial structures of the posterior interhemispheric fissure region; identifying the sulci and gyri more frequently found in the lateral surface; and detailing the anatomy of the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle. Also, anatomical details of structures such as the calcarine sulcus and preoccipital notch were evaluated.
RESULTS
Twenty-four hemispheres (92%) showed sulci with evident transverse trajectories in the lateral surface, and it was possible to identify marked longitudinal sulci in 16 (61%). All of the specimen presented a transverse sulcus in the inferior third of the lobe - labeled in this paper as Inferior Transverse Occipital - and 69% of the cases showed a transverse sulcus in the superior third - labeled as Superior Transverse Occipital. The occipital horn was present in 53% of the cases at level of the anterior boundary of the lobe. It was a half moon shaped cavity, whose the medial wall was formed by the calcar avis and the lateral wall, roof and floor formed by fibers of the tapetum.
CONCLUSION
The occipital lobe presents parameters that are often recognized in most of the dissected brain and can be useful for the planning and performance of surgery in this area of the brain.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Neurosurgical Procedures; Occipital Lobe
PubMed: 12244393
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2002000400010