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Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene... 2020Melanoma is a skin cancer caused by a malignancy of melanocytes. Incidence of melanoma is rapidly increasing worldwide, which results in public health problems. Primary... (Review)
Review
Melanoma is a skin cancer caused by a malignancy of melanocytes. Incidence of melanoma is rapidly increasing worldwide, which results in public health problems. Primary extracutaneous melanomas can be ocular, gastrointestinal, mucosal, leptomeningeal, genitourinary, and lymphatic. The relationship between exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and development of melanoma is intensively acute and complex, and intermittent sun exposure greatly increases the risk of melanoma. It is the fifth most common type of cancer in men number and the sixth most common in women. The diagnosis of melanoma is made through clinical assessment of the pigmented by health care professionals. Architectural features of malignant melanoma including asymmetry, confluence of growth, marked cellularity, and poor circumscription. The cytological feature of malignant melanoma include an irregular and thick nuclear membrane and prominent nucleoli. The preventive measures include reducing exposure to UV light and the sun. The early detection of skin cancer greatly reduces both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. The treatment and follow-up with the doctor for melanoma patients may differ because of the stage of the tumor and the primary lesion. The typical therapy for malignant melanoma is surgical excision, immunotherapy such as interleukin 2 (IL-2), gene therapy, and biochemotherapy.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Melanoma; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 32894659
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2020028454 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Dec 2010Intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid is the most common primary ocular malignant tumor in adults and the most common noncutaneous melanoma. (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid is the most common primary ocular malignant tumor in adults and the most common noncutaneous melanoma.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the most salient clinical features, histopathologic findings, and treatment modalities of intraocular melanoma, as well as the novel therapies currently being tested.
DATA SOURCES
Clinically, it is important to determine which lesions carry a worse prognosis so as to offer patients the best treatment modalities available. Tumor location, size, histopathology, cytogenetic abnormalities, and tumor profiling are all used in determining the risk of death from metastatic disease of uveal melanocytic lesions. Despite successful local tumor control, up to 50% of patients have metastatic disease within 15 years of diagnosis; there is no effective treatment for metastatic disease.
CONCLUSIONS
Pathologists should be aware of the importance of tumor gross description, cellular histopathology classification, the use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy coupled with cytogenetics, and the new classification of uveal malignant melanomas that is based on chromosome 3 status.
Topics: Aged; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Chromosome Aberrations; Female; Humans; Melanoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 21128775
DOI: 10.5858/2009-0441-RAR.1 -
Dermatologic Clinics Oct 1992Ocular melanomas are the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. The majority of ocular melanomas are choroidal melanomas. These tumors can be difficult to... (Review)
Review
Ocular melanomas are the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. The majority of ocular melanomas are choroidal melanomas. These tumors can be difficult to diagnose, especially when they are small. Documented growth of a lesion on serial examinations is the most important clinical feature favoring the diagnosis of a choroidal melanoma. Diagnostic studies including ultrasonography and angiography may be helpful in the diagnosis of these tumors. A number of treatment options are available for choroidal melanomas. These include photocoagulation, radiation therapy, local tumor resection, and enucleation.
Topics: Choroid Neoplasms; Ciliary Body; Conjunctival Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Eye Neoplasms; Eyelid Neoplasms; Humans; Iris Neoplasms; Melanoma; Prognosis; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 1395150
DOI: No ID Found -
Cancer Aug 2016Melanomas of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris of the eye are collectively known as uveal melanomas. These cancers represent 5% of all melanoma diagnoses in the United... (Review)
Review
Melanomas of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris of the eye are collectively known as uveal melanomas. These cancers represent 5% of all melanoma diagnoses in the United States, and their age-adjusted risk is 5 per 1 million population. These less frequent melanomas are dissimilar to their more common cutaneous melanoma relative, with differing risk factors, primary treatment, anatomic spread, molecular changes, and responses to systemic therapy. Once uveal melanoma becomes metastatic, therapy options are limited and are often extrapolated from cutaneous melanoma therapies despite the routine exclusion of patients with uveal melanoma from clinical trials. Clinical trials directed at uveal melanoma have been completed or are in progress, and data from these well designed investigations will help guide future directions in this orphan disease. Cancer 2016;122:2299-2312. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Topics: Chromosome Aberrations; Combined Modality Therapy; Early Detection of Cancer; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Testing; Humans; Melanoma; Mutation; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Research; Treatment Outcome; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 26991400
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29727 -
Nature Reviews. Disease Primers Apr 2020Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. UMs are usually initiated by a mutation in GNAQ or GNA11, unlike cutaneous melanomas,... (Review)
Review
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. UMs are usually initiated by a mutation in GNAQ or GNA11, unlike cutaneous melanomas, which usually harbour a BRAF or NRAS mutation. The annual incidence in Europe and the USA is ~6 per million population per year. Risk factors include fair skin, light-coloured eyes, congenital ocular melanocytosis, ocular melanocytoma and the BAP1-tumour predisposition syndrome. Ocular treatment aims at preserving the eye and useful vision and, if possible, preventing metastases. Enucleation has largely been superseded by various forms of radiotherapy, phototherapy and local tumour resection, often administered in combination. Ocular outcomes are best with small tumours not extending close to the optic disc and/or fovea. Almost 50% of patients develop metastatic disease, which usually involves the liver, and is usually fatal within 1 year. Although UM metastases are less responsive than cutaneous melanoma to chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors, encouraging results have been reported with partial hepatectomy for solitary metastases, with percutaneous hepatic perfusion with melphalan or with tebentafusp. Better insight into tumour immunology and metabolism may lead to new treatments.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mass Screening; Melanoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Slit Lamp Microscopy; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 32273508
DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0158-0 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2020Melanoma of the ocular region (ocular melanoma) comprises about 5% of all patients with melanoma and covers posterior uveal melanoma, iris melanoma, and conjunctival... (Review)
Review
Melanoma of the ocular region (ocular melanoma) comprises about 5% of all patients with melanoma and covers posterior uveal melanoma, iris melanoma, and conjunctival melanoma. The risk of metastasis is much higher in patients with ocular melanoma compared to a primary melanoma of the skin. The subtypes of ocular melanoma have distinct genetic features, which should be taken into consideration when making clinical decisions. Most relevant for current practice is the absence of mutations in posterior uveal melanoma, although present in some iris melanomas and conjunctival melanomas. In this review, we discuss the genetic biomarkers of the subtypes of ocular melanoma and their impacts on the clinical care of these patients.
Topics: Humans; Melanoma; Mutation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 32718045
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155231 -
The Surgical Clinics of North America Apr 2003This article reviews the current pathogenesis, molecular changes, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular melanomas. Ocular melanomas can involve the eyelid, conjunctiva,... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the current pathogenesis, molecular changes, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular melanomas. Ocular melanomas can involve the eyelid, conjunctiva, intraocular structures, and the orbit. The most common eye melanoma involves the uveal tract and is responsible for approximately 13% of melanoma deaths. Uveal melanomas account for 10% of all melanomas.
Topics: Conjunctival Neoplasms; Eye Neoplasms; Humans; Melanoma; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 12744609
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6109(02)00098-1 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Jan 2017Uveal melanoma represents ∼85% of all ocular melanomas and up to 50% of patients develop metastatic disease. Metastases are most frequently localised to the liver and,... (Review)
Review
Uveal melanoma represents ∼85% of all ocular melanomas and up to 50% of patients develop metastatic disease. Metastases are most frequently localised to the liver and, as few patients are candidates for potentially curative surgery, this is associated with a poor prognosis. There is currently little published evidence for the optimal management and treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma and the lack of effective therapies in this setting has led to the widespread use of systemic treatments for patients with cutaneous melanoma. Uveal and cutaneous melanomas are intrinsically different diseases and so dedicated management strategies and therapies for uveal melanoma are much needed. This review explores the biology of uveal melanoma and how this relates to ongoing trials of targeted therapies in the metastatic disease setting. In addition, we consider the options to optimise patient management and care.
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Liver Neoplasms; Melanoma; Molecular Biology; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 27574175
DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309034 -
British Medical Bulletin Jan 2017Retinoblastoma, uveal and conjunctival melanomas are important malignancies within the remit of ocular oncology. Outlined are the diagnostic features and management... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Retinoblastoma, uveal and conjunctival melanomas are important malignancies within the remit of ocular oncology. Outlined are the diagnostic features and management principles, as well as advancements in the field and current challenges.
SOURCES OF DATA
Original papers, reviews and guidelines.
AREAS OF AGREEMENT
Most eyes with retinoblastoma (International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification (IIRC) Group A-D) are salvaged, whereas advanced cases (Group E) remain a challenge. Despite a high rate of local tumour control in uveal melanoma, metastatic spread commonly occurs. Conjunctival melanoma is treated by complete resection, but high rates of local recurrence occur, with the possibility of systemic relapse and death.
AREAS OF CONTROVERSY
Use of the IIRC in retinoblastoma, and systemic screening in melanomas.
GROWING POINTS
Utilization of novel treatment modalities in retinoblastoma and an increasing understanding of the genetic basis of melanomas.
AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH
Improvements in chemotherapy delivery in retinoblastoma and prognostic tests in melanomas.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Conjunctival Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Intravitreal Injections; Melanoma; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prognosis; Retinal Neoplasms; Retinoblastoma; Uveal Neoplasms
PubMed: 28069617
DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldw053 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2009Primary ocular melanoma can involve the uveal tract, conjunctiva, eyelid, or orbit. Uveal melanoma is the most common ocular melanoma and carries a serious prognosis,... (Review)
Review
Primary ocular melanoma can involve the uveal tract, conjunctiva, eyelid, or orbit. Uveal melanoma is the most common ocular melanoma and carries a serious prognosis, especially if the tumor is medium or large in size. Conjunctival melanoma manifests on the surface of the eye and has been increasing in incidence. Eyelid and primary orbital melanoma are the least common variants. Early diagnosis from annual ocular examination by an experienced ophthalmologist and treatment strategies are reviewed.
Topics: Eye Neoplasms; Humans; Melanoma; Prognosis
PubMed: 19095158
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.09.010